A Conflict Of Your Choice Since The End Of The Cold War Essay

Analyse a conflict of your choice since the end of the Cold War, identifying the main parties (direct and indirect actors) and issues, explaining the conflict and relating it to its social or international context and how these factors have evolved over the life-cycle of the conflict. This should be done with a conceptual underpinning of the type of conflict being examined and within the organisational framework of conflict mapping. The conflict I will analyse is the Iraq War, met the standard definition of a war, more than 1000 people dying a year, every year from 2003-2016. I will argue that the main issues are: Oil; the Gulf War; the Regional situation; Ethnic/religious division in the long-term, and terrorism in the short term. Countries dependent on primary commodities exports are more likely to experience violent conflict (Social Development Department, World Bank, 2005). Oil security, and specifically oil security in the Gulf, had been part of US military strategy for thirty years prior to the invasion in 2003 (Ritchie Rogers, 2007). In 1981, Iraq was identified as a threat: as even before the Iraqi–Iranian war such a contingency exerted a major influence on U.S. force planning for non-NATO contingencies; Iraq’s Soviet-supplied armed forces are the largest of any in the Gulf region; and the principal oil fields of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia are within comparatively easy reach from Iraq’s southern border (Ritchie Rogers, 2007). By 2000, Iran was still hostile to theShow MoreRelatedCanada And The Cold War1514 Words   |  7 Pages Canada and the Cold War The Cold War is a time of managed political and military coercion and turmoil between the superpowers. It was a war that actually wasn t your common war. There were numerous military aircraft flying over the nations dropping bombs, no tanks no ground troops, no really organization of rockets, and no ground troops. Then again, there were a stockpile of atomic weapons, cash was being spent like a really war was being battled, purposeful publicity, there were two superpowerRead MorePower, Ideology, and Terror in the Atomic Age Worksheet1675 Words   |  7 PagesTerror in the Atomic Age Worksheet The Cold War Answer each of the following questions in a single paragraph: 1. What role did atomic weapons play in the Cold War? Summarize nuclear developments from 1945 to 1991. After the Second World War, United States and the Soviet Union entered into a Cold War that lasted more the 40 years because both sides had Atomic Weapons that were aimed at each other with each side fearing and dreading what a Hot War would cause if Atomic Weapons were used. Read MoreIs Nuclear War More Or Less Likely During The Post Cold War Era?1956 Words   |  8 Pages1. Is nuclear war more or less likely in the post-Cold War era? Nazi Germany fell from power in the later 1930’s, it drew a line in the political agenda between those with remaining power and those that fought and lost the right. This left countries such as the United States and Russia having many economic and political differences with no choice but to solve their problems through civil conflict. Communist ideals were still fighting for existence and the struggle for political change within RussianRead MoreLord of War1742 Words   |  7 PagesLord of War Warlord by definition is â€Å"a military commander exercising civil power in a region, whether in nominal allegiance to the national government or in defiance of it. (American Heritage Dictionary).† In the move Lord of War Nicolas Cage serves this purpose in a different way. The main plot for the film is Nicolas Cage getting rich off of wars by selling arms to countries in opposition. The beginning of the film shows the societal problem of race in the United States because it shows howRead MoreThe Game Theory And Politics1709 Words   |  7 Pageswhere game theory, and in particular prisoners dilemma, played an important in their analysis. To begin with, most of the conflicts that arise in international politics are caused because of cooperation. These are based on the conflicting question of how governments can reach agreements that make them better off without making others worse off? One example of such a conflict is arms race. Arms race is a phenomenon when governments spend a lot of money on military forces to gain extra power in internationalRead MoreLack of Communication in a Relationship Essay943 Words   |  4 Pagesefficient way to keep a long lasting and healthy relationship. In a relationship, communication is based on trust, considering your significant other’s point of view, do not point blame, listening, and taking criticism gracefully. Embracing your significant other’s point of view is a good step towards having a healthy relationship. Being one-sided will hinder and cause major conflict to the relationship, causing it to be broken. In addition, another problem that arises is accusation s being thrown aroundRead MoreAn Analysis of John F. Kennedys Civil Rights Address1750 Words   |  7 PagesAt the height of the Cold War, racial tensions in the United States were also reaching a breaking point. This era brought with it many of the seminal events in civil-rights history: the start of the Freedom Rides in 1961, the University of Mississippi’s admission of its first black student, and the Birmingham riots of 1963. While America struggled with the ever-present threat of nuclear war, this other kind of conflict threatened to undermine and demoralize America from within. It is 11 June, 1963Read MoreNotes On Canadian And World Issues2626 Words   |  11 Pagessolution) financial benefit from solution (E)nvironmental: the impact of the natural environment (S)ocial: the interpersonal relations or relations among communities - Activity 4: The Cold War - The Cold War - From the end of World War Two (WW2) to the fall of the Soviet Union, the world was in the grips of the Cold War. WW2 culminated with the defeat of Hitler s Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan - Resulted in the creation of the two new global superpowers: the United States and The Soviet Union - GermanRead MoreWar Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pages Weird silence filled the air. It was a cold and relatively peaceful night on January 2005. Almost all citizens hid in their rooms to protect themselves from the war. The sky was completely dark with no light on streets. All of a sudden, the dark silent night was put to an end as six-year-old Samar Hassan was screaming and crying. A car was approaching in the dark when several American soldiers were patrolling a main road of northern Iraq’s Tal Afar which was a  town rife with insurgents. ConcerningRead MoreThe Improbable War By Christopher Coker2146 Words   |  9 PagesIn Christopher Coker’s book The Improbable War, is explaining to the reader why a war between The United State and China, is not impossible but, improbable meaning that it is possible. The author states that we can learn from history if we take the right lessons from it. The book is showing what the proper lessons from the world’s history are. The book aims to have the reader by the end not rule out the chance of war between the two major powers. One the rising power quickly becoming the second biggest

Breastfeeding Vs. Formula Nutrition Essay - 1302 Words

As you get ready to welcome your baby and introduce her to this world, you are flooded with thoughts of how to take care of your little one in the best possible way. You find that motherhood is not only about loving and caring, it is also about making a few conscious decisions to help your child grow in a healthy manner. One such decision is whether to breastfeed your baby or to offer her formula nutrition. Deciding between breastfeeding and formula nutrition is purely a personal choice. But as a mother you must remain aware of a few facts about both the feeding methods. Read on to know more about breastfeeding vs. formula nutrition. Breastfeeding Breast milk is the best food for your baby. The advantages of breastfeeding for your newborn are many. Advantages for the baby Breast milk provides all the necessary proteins, vitamins, sugar and fats essential for an infant’s growth It also provides the required calcium necessary for the development of bones and teeth Breast milk is easily digested and absorbed by the baby’s system It leads to normal weight gain Breast milk is always fresh and easily available whenever the baby needs it Breastfeed is vital in the development of the infant’s immune system It acts as the baby’s natural defence against a lot of diseases like diarrhoea, anaemia, skin disease, meningitis, etc. It contains infection fighting properties that offers protection against infections of the ear, urinary and respiratory tracts. It acts as a deterrent againstShow MoreRelatedBreast Feding vs. Formula Feeding862 Words   |  4 PagesBreast Feeding vs. Formula Feeding There are advantages and disadvantages to both breastfeeding and formula feeding. Some things to consider when deciding which to choose are: cost, convenience, nutrition, and the health benefits to both the baby and to the mother. In terms of cost, an advantage to breastfeeding is that breast milk is free. Its estimated that breastfeeding can save you thousands of dollars a year, depending on the brand of formula that would have been used instead. AccordingRead MoreExpository Essay - Breastfeeding1448 Words   |  6 Pagestheir child’s life. This one decision that will give your child the best start in life is very simple; breastfeeding. Breastfeeding has numerous physical and psychological benefits that it provides an infant. These benefits are often greatly underestimated and under-emphasized. There are many details that go into enforcing the fact that breastfeeding has been proven to be the optimal nutrition for infants, and these details are crucial in encouraging mothers to do what is ultimately the best thingRead MoreThe Breast Vs. Bottle Debate1718 Words   |  7 Pages The Breast vs. Bottle Debate Deciding whether to formula feed or breastfeed ones baby is one of the biggest and most crucial decisions expectant and new parents will make before giving birth. Organizations such as World Health Organizations (WHO), American Medical Association (AMA), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and American Dietetic Association recommend breastfeeding as the best option for the newborn. Most of these organizations and other supporters of breastfeeding affirm that it defendsRead MoreThe Vs. Formula For Infants Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pages Boobies Vs Formula When a woman delivers a baby, she has many questions to think about, like what shots to give them, where the baby should sleep, and what type of diapers they should use. One of the hardest decisions a new mother has to make is whether or not to breastfeed their baby. For years, mothers have been debating what would be more beneficial for the baby, breastfeeding or formula. â€Å"Several health organizations, including the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the American MedicalRead MoreBreastfeeding VS Formula Bottle-feeding Essay1112 Words   |  5 Pages Breastfeeding vs. Formula Bottle-feeding Every mother of a newborn baby must make a very personal decision when it comes to how they are going to feed their infant. I was faced with that decision 3 years ago when I had my first son who I named Ethen. It was one of the very hardest decisions I had to make. I had to consider all the good benefits of breast feeding as well as the benefits of formula bottle-feeding, but the good benefits of breastfeeding outnumbered the bottle feeding ones. I finallyRead MoreInfant Nutrition: What is best for your baby - breast milk or formula?1795 Words   |  8 Pagesimportant decision that you will make for your baby is whether to feed your baby breast milk or formula. Many women today are opting for formula, but what is the best choice? There are advantages and disadvantages to both breastfeeding and formula feeding. You need to carefully weigh the pros and cons before you make your decision. There are very distinct nutritional differences between breast milk and formula. Nutritional ly, breast milk is exactly what your baby needs. Breast milk will also helpRead MoreBreast Feeding Vs. The Bottle1326 Words   |  6 PagesBreast-feeding vs. The Bottle: The Decision is yours â€Å"Some mothers have to give up breastfeeding even though they want to breastfeed. To give up breastfeeding can be a sensitive issue in a time when breastfeeding is promoted as the healthiest for mother and child† (Larsen Kronborg, 2013, p. 848). The debate over whether breast-feeding is better than bottle-feeding or vice versa has been a debate for many years. With more and more research that is continuously being developed, the option to breast-feedRead MoreBenefits Of Breastfeeding Premature Infants1122 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction I chose to research the benefits of breastfeeding premature infants. This will not only include just the benefits, but also the possible complications of not using breast milk, and using formula instead. I chose this topic because of a personal family situation with one of my nephews who was born at 30 weeks weighing it at 3lbs 5oz in the NICU and breast milk was pushed and told it was essential to helping my nephew develop properly enough to be sent home. Whether the newborn is beingRead MoreEssay on Infant Formula: Good, Bad or Innocuous1676 Words   |  7 Pagesalternative feeding has also been used as a convenience. Prior to the development of infant formula in 1865, animal milk and wet nurses were used to accomplish the feeding of orphaned infants or others whose mothers could not, or chose not to, breast feed. Between 1950 and 1970 the breast feeding rate fell dramatically. Some studies suggest that more that 75 percent of American infants born during that time were formula fed. As the rates of diabetes, obesity and other health issues continue to increase researchersRead MoreThe Effect Of Breastfeeding On Ovarian And Breast Cancer Risks1298 Words   |  6 Pagesfundamental shift in infant nutrition research due to increasing evidence that the role of early nutrition during this vital period of life has deep biological effects and has an important consequence both in long and short-term health (Fewtrell 2007). The research that has been done in this area offers strong evidence that human milk feeding decreases the severity and incidence of a vast range of infectious diseases (Garner 1997). There are many benefits of breastfeeding reduces the ovarian and breast

Professional Skills Reflective and Individualistic

Question: Discuss aabout the Professional Skills for Reflective and Individualistic. Answer: Critical Thinking Critical thinking is involvement of reflective and individualistic thought processing. The procedure of critical thinking comprises of recognition, analysis and appraisal of argument. Reflective justification is important in critical (Jackson 2015). This convention is important in both professional and academic field. Nurse, psychologist, teacher and student also need to do reflective thinking so that they can take decisions in a systematic way. In school in had to think critically as I had to assess the knowledge that I have gathered. In my professional life, I had to use critical thinking in assessing certain situation and solve problem according to the assessed situation. Academically, I was not satisfied with the answers that I obtained from my textbooks; I consulted several hundreds of scholarly article in order to find the right information about a particular subject. In personal life, I am successful because I have always asked questions to understand the situation. According to Nosich 2012, In order to interpret the situation or to solve problems critical thinking has always helped me. To me critical thinking is assessing a situation thoroughly and act according to the necessity of the situation. It is not that I have never put a wrong step but critical assessment has helped to get out of that trouble. Critical thinking is all about making right judgment. It helps in assessing certain situation with the method of evaluation (Fu 2013). In information and communication technology, critical thinking plays a significant role. Analyzing, synthesizing and evaluating data are the components that information and communication technology demands. ICT professional needs to be critical thinkers, one should have the capacity to think differently because social media attracts comments both positive and negative comments (Kwan and Wong 2015). ICT professionals like Steve Jobs and Bill Gates thought critically, reformed the computing world, and gave it a new face. The individual applied critical thinking and discovered smart phones and app that comprised of institutionalization of a new concept and developed new opportunity to assess information by applying completely new procedure. In communication, information technology helps in generating communication in a more effective way. In global marke t, information technology pays a major role as communicating in an effective way is the part of their professional. Critically sorting out ideas to handle different aspects that they confront in their professional life is what their profession involves. According to Mirabella et al. 2013, it is very admirable that the ICT professionals have to assess a perspective and value both service and impacts that it has on the human world. It is very important for a student to be critical thinker because development in perspective comes from systematically assessing of learning. There are many problems and challenges that a student encounters. Critically assessing of the situation and taking necessary step is the only way they can overcome a problematic situation. It is significant for professional to examine a situation and respond in pertinently to that by analyzing and assessing the situation. Portfolio SWOT analysis: Strengths Weakness Weakness Internal Positive attitude Educated Visionary Team worker Lack experience Procrastinator Impatient Judgmental Opportunities Threats Threats External Communication skills Ability to adapt to change Suitable openings in job Networking Competition that are present in the environment Delay in getting started with my career. Fear of failing Waiting for the right time In my SWOT analysis, I have revealed that I am procrastinator. Every person has personal weaknesses but very few of them want to change their weaknesses into strength. Those individuals, who wants to rectify their flaws and transform their amateurish mistakes to strength has to utilize certain strategies that can help me to increase my opportunity level. One should have the power and faith on themselves to acknowledge the weaknesses that they have only then they could successfully get rid of those. Self-improvement is the first step to bring changes in my weaknesses. Procrastinating is the behavioral attribute that projects lack of sense of responsibility in an individual. I like taking up responsibility but after getting them, I lose interest in fulfilling them. Though I am a positive individual, still I confront obstacles like lethargy and lack motivation. Theory of motivation by Maslow says that self-actualization is the process through which an individual can correct themselves a nd increase chances. The theory of motivation has influenced me greatly in to asses strategies that will help with my future achievements. Specification in setting goals will help me to perform well. According to Lockes, goal setting theory goals should be specific rather than vague. Goals and intensions works side by side and influence a human behavior to work harder in order to complete the task in time. The goals that I need to set should have clear target. A clear target will definitely help me in rectifying my weakness, as I will not get the scope to delay my work. I will have a target that I will have to complete in a specified time. I need to believe that if I increase my effort my performance level will increase. If I work hard, my level of performance will increase and thus I will gain greater competency level. Vrooms expectancy theory depends on the perception that an individual possess. The theory will assist me to attain goals more effectively and most importantly on time. I want to convert my weaknesses in to strength so that I can maneuver my skills and effectively present myself in my workplace. To avoid procrastination I have to increase my focus. I should also try to strategize my plan and set time limit for every work so that I can finish those in time. My experience in social media: Social media is the tool through which we can connect ourselves to people through virtual exchange of information (Gerbaudo 2012). I never liked the idea of joining social media personally. However, my friend one day compelled me to open and suggested that I would not be able to interpret the advantage of social media if I do not start using it. Social media can act as a benefactor to an organization (Van Dijck 2013). An individual has to engage himself to know how social media works and assists in publicizing business. I did not know how making thousand friends in face book and talking to them online would help me in my business development. After sometime, I realized that there was an option in the media that helped to assemble people into groups. I can use this option to share my personal experiences. I now have a communication firm of my own and I have page that gives an individual platform to talk about their own success story in business. This way I get to communicate with cust omers and promote my organization. However, as the community grew the page looked very messy. Why and how the experience happened: I experienced success through this venture as it helped me to gain massive public response about my organization. It was important for me to understand the vitality of social media and reach the audiences of the organization in a cost effective manner. I first observed how people interact and connect with other people. What I learned: The experience has taught me that accepting changes is very important. Earlier I have said about how I disliked social media but after I understood the priority of the tool, I readily accepted the culture. It has influenced my business and has helped me in growing my business. How I can handle it in better way: Social media is a culture acceptance of which has assisted me in climbing the stairs of success. In my future, I will use social media more effectively so that my community grows and I can understand the need of the customers through interactions. I am hoping to open a page where customers can drop feedback and talk about their experience and supply with their valuable perspective as to how our company improve. It will help me to keep track of the customers or viewers and attend to them individually. Positive and negatives of the situation: Social media has both positive and negative side. On one hand, it helped me to publicize my business on the other hand some people tried to hack my profile in order to misuse my information or circulate bad reputation about my company. Organizations are investing hefty amount in Information Communication Technology for revitalizing the system (Kauffman and Riggins 2012). It is a complex but effective way of storing data and information. ICT professional has to follow certain codes of conducts. The ethical codes are designed in such a way that they have to fulfill certain responsibilities in order to assist the organization in achieving its goal. Information technology has to maintain amicable relationship with their co-workers (Olsson et al. 2012). They have to attend training that the company will construct for them so that they can work more efficiently and effectively. ICT professional According to Garvey 2014, information and communication technology professional are knowledgeable in specific skills relevant to certain field of technology. They have to agree to ethical code of conducts to prove their professionalism and obedience towards their work. It is their personal liability to take their profession seriously and increase quality and effectively of their work. Competency comes from the experience. Work ethic and values Information and communication technology professionals have to obey code of ethics. Codes of ethics are the part of constitution of the organization (Kossa and Piget 2014). The professionals need to act as ethical authority of the organization. They have a standard through which the practices of the professional can be measured. Development and maintain of social culture in an organization is necessary. They need to understand the legislation structure and their responsibility towards society. Business should be done through professional perspective. Time to time modification of the existing process is important. ICT professional are dedicated and always works for the best interest of the stakeholders. They have to communicate effectively with others. They should develop and help their colleagues to develop through embracing the changes and enhancing their performances. Communication with colleagues An ICT professional should maintain professional relationship with the colleagues in the workplace (Kenichi 2012). They should listen to their supervisors and should obey the instructions and adhere to them. Mentoring is one of the key responsibility of ICT professional, they need to guide would be professionals. According to Chang et al. 2012 supervisor is the coach, collaborator and consultant. Employees need to give appropriate respect and dignity to their co-workers. They should not be judgmental and mentors should always offer guidance to those who need. Strong interpersonal skill is necessary for effective interaction. Listening and reacting in accordance to it is essential for avoiding misinterpretation in working environment. Everyone needs to play their role effectively that is why efficacy in communication is important (Gajendran and Brewer 2012). Diversity in the workplace Diversity in workplace is very essential to me because an organization consist of people who belong to various culture and religion (Gardenfors and Johansson 2014). Paying respect and talking in a respectful manner is very important. In my organization, I have Japanese colleagues who greet each other by bowing. It is a symbol of etiquette in their culture and they consider it ethics of their culture. I think it is important to acknowledge every religion and culture in a workplace because we have to work together and in order to do that we have to support each other emotionally. Professional bonding in a workplace is important that is why we should pay the respect to every individual in a workplace deserves. A good organization always supports all of the employees and motivates them to work together irrespective of their religion and culture (Hrd and Jamison 2013). Successful Completion: Information and communication technology is making impact in the global world (Liu and Yuan 2015). The growing use of internet and social media is compelling everyone to acknowledge information communication technology (Newman, Biedrzycki and Baum 2012). The course of ICT has several steps and following those steps, I have effectively learned the necessity of critical thinking in information and communication technology. I have evaluated my strengths and weaknesses effectively and provided strategy to overcome my weakness. I have discussed my view about social media and provided experience. I now know the importance of codes of ethics in ICT. I have also recognized the value of this course in my life. Listening to what an individual has to say is very important as it helps in avoiding miscommunication. Teamwork is only successful when a team has defined goal of its own. Team leaders need to be supportive and in return team members should follow the orders constructed by them. Communication should be transparent without any ambiguity. While writing in social media, an individual should adhere to easy language so that everyone can understand. Australian workplaces are now acknowledging people from diverse culture, as they want to create a multi cultural workplace culture. ICT has helped in connecting people all over the world. Smart phones applications are helping people by providing web browsers, music buying option, mapping software etc. Feedback: The things that I learned from this course are necessity of effective communication. I have learnt how to talk to people in a comprehensive manner and attract them with my presentation skill. I am very satisfied with the course that because I have learned presentation skills that will help me to attract people. Suggestions: The course should involve non-theoretical classes so that we can gain more experiences that are practical. Real life professionals should be brought so that we can get inspired from their life and story. Reference: Chang, L.W., Mwanika, A., Kaye, D., Muhwezi, W.W., Nabirye, R.C., Mbalinda, S., Okullo, I., Kennedy, C.E., Groves, S., Sisson, S.D. and Burnham, G., 2012. Information and communication technology and community-based health sciences training in Uganda: perceptions and experiences of educators and students.Informatics for Health and Social Care,37(1), pp.1-11. Fu, J.S., 2013. ICT in education: A critical literature review and its implications.International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology,9(1), p.112. Gajendran, T. and Brewer, G., 2012. Cultural consciousness and the effective implementation of information and communication technology.Construction Innovation,12(2), pp.179-197. Gardenfors, P. and Johansson, P. eds., 2014.Cognition, education, and communication technology. Routledge. Garvey, W.D., 2014.Communication: the essence of science: facilitating information exchange among librarians, scientists, engineers and students. Elsevier. Gerbaudo, P., 2012.Tweets and the streets: Social media and contemporary activism. Pluto Press. Hrd, M. and Jamison, A., 2013.Hubris and hybrids: a cultural history of technology and science. Routledge. Jackson, S., 2015.Research methods and statistics: A critical thinking approach. Cengage Learning. Kauffman, R.J. and Riggins, F.J., 2012. Information and communication technology and the sustainability of microfinance.Electronic Commerce Research and Applications,11(5), pp.450-468. Kenichi, M.A.S.E., 2012. Information and Communication Technology and Electric VehiclesPaving the Way towards a Smart Community.IEICE transactions on communications,95(6), pp.1902-1910. Kossa, M. and Piget, P., 2014. Adoption of information and communication technology and firm profitability: Empirical evidence from Tunisian SMEs.The Journal of High Technology Management Research,25(1), pp.9-20. Kwan, Y.W. and Wong, A.F., 2015. Effects of the constructivist learning environment on students critical thinking ability: Cognitive and motivational variables as mediators.International Journal of Educational Research,70, pp.68-79. Liu, S.M. and Yuan, Q., 2015. The evolution of information and communication technology in public administration.Public Administration and Development,35(2), pp.140-151. Mirabella, N., Rigamonti, L. and Scalbi, S., 2013. Life cycle assessment of information and communication technology application: A case study of dematerialization in the Italian public administration.Journal of Cleaner Production,44, pp.115-122. Newman, L., Biedrzycki, K. and Baum, F., 2012. Digital technology use among disadvantaged Australians: implications for equitable consumer participation in digitally-mediated communication and information exchange with health services.Australian Health Review,36(2), pp.125-129. Nosich, G.M., 2012. Learning to think things through: A guide to critical thinking across the curriculum.. Olsson, A., Engstrm, M., Skovdahl, K. and Lampic, C., 2012. My, your and our needs for safety and security: relatives reflections on using information and communication technology in dementia care.Scandinavian journal of caring sciences,26(1), pp.104-112. Van Dijck, J., 2013.The culture of connectivity: A critical history of social media. Oxford University Press.

Narcolepsy Essays (925 words) - Sleep Disorders, Dream, Neuroscience

Narcolepsy An article in the Scientific American, by Jerome M. Siegel, focused on a dangerous sleeping disorder called Narcolepsy. A Narcoleptic has Symptoms such as cataplexy, which is the loss of skeletal muscle tone, and always feeling sleepy during daytime hours. The people suffering from this disorder tend to feel as if they hadn't gone to sleep for 48 hours. In addition, they sleep poorly at night. Laughter, embarrassment, sudden anger, social interactions with strangers, and sexual intercourse may trigger a cataplectic attack. A Narcoleptic may even fall asleep at the most dangerous times. For example, driving a car with this untreated disorder puts a person at high risk of an automobile accident. The disorder makes it difficult for them to focus on specific things, such as schoolwork or work in the workplace. Sleep paralysis and hypnagognic hallucinations are among two other symptoms of narcolepsy. Sleep paralysis is an ability to move when you fall asleep or awaken. This occurs daily. On the other hand, hypnagogic hallucinations are dreamlike experiences during waking that sometimes incorporate elements of the environment. These symptoms occur when narcoleptics are most sleepy. In addition, not every person suffers from the symptoms the same way. Also, this article pointed out that Narcolepsy affects between one and one thousand and one and two thousand people in the U.S. In contrast, one in 600 in Japan to one in 500,000 in Israel. It also stated that the environment and ethnic backgrounds are the reason for the number differences of these countries. The first signs of Narcolepsy appear in the teens or 20's. The symptoms do get worse after a few years and then they plateau. The causes or Narcolepsy is linked to a disruption of the sleep control mechanism in our brain. Our sleep cycle normally has two stages, Rapid-Eye movement Sleep (REM), and Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (NREM). When were experiencing NREM sleep, our muscles are relaxed, breathing is normal, the cerebral cortex generates high-voltage waves and the energy consumed by the brain is minimized. In contrast, in REM sleep, breathing and heart rate are irregular, rapid eye movements occur; the cortex generates fast, irregular, low voltage waves. Non-Narcoleptics tend to begin to sleep with NREM sleep. After 90 minutes or so, they're in REM sleep. When this happens, they experience loss of muscle tone and dreamlike hallucinations that usually occur during REM sleep. Researchers stated that being sleepy is normal, but its the large amount of sleep in Narcoleptics thats very abnormal. In the early 1970's, advanced research in Narcolepsy began. Researchers discovered that some dogs showed that they had very similar symptoms to human narcoleptics. William C. Demit of Stanford University stated that the disease in the dogs was inherited by both the mother and father to their offspring. In the 1940's, Horace W. Magnoun of Northwestern University discovered when he electrically stimulated the medulla (part of the brain stem) the muscle tone disappeared. He didn't connect his studies to sleep. The studies in animals show us that the main function of the muscle-tone control system in the medulla suppresses muscle activity in REM sleep. In addition, it regulates the level of muscle tone in waking. This part doesnt work when the animals are moving. This explains the notion of when we try to relax or turn off our muscles; we are actually trying to turn on this specific section of the brain. REM sleep is the only time when normal individuals lose all muscle tone. Another study by Frank Wu indicated that there was another group of nerve cells in the brainstem called the Locus Coeruleus. The locus coeruleus also plays a role in REM sleep and narcolepsy. It releases a neurotransmitter called norepinephrine, which communicates with another neurons. Both these nerve cells are active in animals in waking, but inactive when theyre in REM sleep. In REM sleep the reduced amount of motor neurons prevents them from moving or responding to their dreams. In cataplexy, the same reduction prevents the motor neurons from responding to a narcoleptics attempt to move. Researchers also concluded that unknown agents in the environment may cause an autoimmune reaction that ends up damaging neurons in the brain that control arousal and muscle tone. After narcoleptic symptoms occur, the patients