A Conflict Of Your Choice Since The End Of The Cold War Essay

Analyse a conflict of your choice since the end of the Cold War, identifying the main parties (direct and indirect actors) and issues, explaining the conflict and relating it to its social or international context and how these factors have evolved over the life-cycle of the conflict. This should be done with a conceptual underpinning of the type of conflict being examined and within the organisational framework of conflict mapping. The conflict I will analyse is the Iraq War, met the standard definition of a war, more than 1000 people dying a year, every year from 2003-2016. I will argue that the main issues are: Oil; the Gulf War; the Regional situation; Ethnic/religious division in the long-term, and terrorism in the short term. Countries dependent on primary commodities exports are more likely to experience violent conflict (Social Development Department, World Bank, 2005). Oil security, and specifically oil security in the Gulf, had been part of US military strategy for thirty years prior to the invasion in 2003 (Ritchie Rogers, 2007). In 1981, Iraq was identified as a threat: as even before the Iraqi–Iranian war such a contingency exerted a major influence on U.S. force planning for non-NATO contingencies; Iraq’s Soviet-supplied armed forces are the largest of any in the Gulf region; and the principal oil fields of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia are within comparatively easy reach from Iraq’s southern border (Ritchie Rogers, 2007). By 2000, Iran was still hostile to theShow MoreRelatedCanada And The Cold War1514 Words   |  7 Pages Canada and the Cold War The Cold War is a time of managed political and military coercion and turmoil between the superpowers. It was a war that actually wasn t your common war. There were numerous military aircraft flying over the nations dropping bombs, no tanks no ground troops, no really organization of rockets, and no ground troops. Then again, there were a stockpile of atomic weapons, cash was being spent like a really war was being battled, purposeful publicity, there were two superpowerRead MorePower, Ideology, and Terror in the Atomic Age Worksheet1675 Words   |  7 PagesTerror in the Atomic Age Worksheet The Cold War Answer each of the following questions in a single paragraph: 1. What role did atomic weapons play in the Cold War? Summarize nuclear developments from 1945 to 1991. After the Second World War, United States and the Soviet Union entered into a Cold War that lasted more the 40 years because both sides had Atomic Weapons that were aimed at each other with each side fearing and dreading what a Hot War would cause if Atomic Weapons were used. Read MoreIs Nuclear War More Or Less Likely During The Post Cold War Era?1956 Words   |  8 Pages1. Is nuclear war more or less likely in the post-Cold War era? Nazi Germany fell from power in the later 1930’s, it drew a line in the political agenda between those with remaining power and those that fought and lost the right. This left countries such as the United States and Russia having many economic and political differences with no choice but to solve their problems through civil conflict. Communist ideals were still fighting for existence and the struggle for political change within RussianRead MoreLord of War1742 Words   |  7 PagesLord of War Warlord by definition is â€Å"a military commander exercising civil power in a region, whether in nominal allegiance to the national government or in defiance of it. (American Heritage Dictionary).† In the move Lord of War Nicolas Cage serves this purpose in a different way. The main plot for the film is Nicolas Cage getting rich off of wars by selling arms to countries in opposition. The beginning of the film shows the societal problem of race in the United States because it shows howRead MoreThe Game Theory And Politics1709 Words   |  7 Pageswhere game theory, and in particular prisoners dilemma, played an important in their analysis. To begin with, most of the conflicts that arise in international politics are caused because of cooperation. These are based on the conflicting question of how governments can reach agreements that make them better off without making others worse off? One example of such a conflict is arms race. Arms race is a phenomenon when governments spend a lot of money on military forces to gain extra power in internationalRead MoreLack of Communication in a Relationship Essay943 Words   |  4 Pagesefficient way to keep a long lasting and healthy relationship. In a relationship, communication is based on trust, considering your significant other’s point of view, do not point blame, listening, and taking criticism gracefully. Embracing your significant other’s point of view is a good step towards having a healthy relationship. Being one-sided will hinder and cause major conflict to the relationship, causing it to be broken. In addition, another problem that arises is accusation s being thrown aroundRead MoreAn Analysis of John F. Kennedys Civil Rights Address1750 Words   |  7 PagesAt the height of the Cold War, racial tensions in the United States were also reaching a breaking point. This era brought with it many of the seminal events in civil-rights history: the start of the Freedom Rides in 1961, the University of Mississippi’s admission of its first black student, and the Birmingham riots of 1963. While America struggled with the ever-present threat of nuclear war, this other kind of conflict threatened to undermine and demoralize America from within. It is 11 June, 1963Read MoreNotes On Canadian And World Issues2626 Words   |  11 Pagessolution) financial benefit from solution (E)nvironmental: the impact of the natural environment (S)ocial: the interpersonal relations or relations among communities - Activity 4: The Cold War - The Cold War - From the end of World War Two (WW2) to the fall of the Soviet Union, the world was in the grips of the Cold War. WW2 culminated with the defeat of Hitler s Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan - Resulted in the creation of the two new global superpowers: the United States and The Soviet Union - GermanRead MoreWar Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pages Weird silence filled the air. It was a cold and relatively peaceful night on January 2005. Almost all citizens hid in their rooms to protect themselves from the war. The sky was completely dark with no light on streets. All of a sudden, the dark silent night was put to an end as six-year-old Samar Hassan was screaming and crying. A car was approaching in the dark when several American soldiers were patrolling a main road of northern Iraq’s Tal Afar which was a  town rife with insurgents. ConcerningRead MoreThe Improbable War By Christopher Coker2146 Words   |  9 PagesIn Christopher Coker’s book The Improbable War, is explaining to the reader why a war between The United State and China, is not impossible but, improbable meaning that it is possible. The author states that we can learn from history if we take the right lessons from it. The book is showing what the proper lessons from the world’s history are. The book aims to have the reader by the end not rule out the chance of war between the two major powers. One the rising power quickly becoming the second biggest

Breastfeeding Vs. Formula Nutrition Essay - 1302 Words

As you get ready to welcome your baby and introduce her to this world, you are flooded with thoughts of how to take care of your little one in the best possible way. You find that motherhood is not only about loving and caring, it is also about making a few conscious decisions to help your child grow in a healthy manner. One such decision is whether to breastfeed your baby or to offer her formula nutrition. Deciding between breastfeeding and formula nutrition is purely a personal choice. But as a mother you must remain aware of a few facts about both the feeding methods. Read on to know more about breastfeeding vs. formula nutrition. Breastfeeding Breast milk is the best food for your baby. The advantages of breastfeeding for your newborn are many. Advantages for the baby Breast milk provides all the necessary proteins, vitamins, sugar and fats essential for an infant’s growth It also provides the required calcium necessary for the development of bones and teeth Breast milk is easily digested and absorbed by the baby’s system It leads to normal weight gain Breast milk is always fresh and easily available whenever the baby needs it Breastfeed is vital in the development of the infant’s immune system It acts as the baby’s natural defence against a lot of diseases like diarrhoea, anaemia, skin disease, meningitis, etc. It contains infection fighting properties that offers protection against infections of the ear, urinary and respiratory tracts. It acts as a deterrent againstShow MoreRelatedBreast Feding vs. Formula Feeding862 Words   |  4 PagesBreast Feeding vs. Formula Feeding There are advantages and disadvantages to both breastfeeding and formula feeding. Some things to consider when deciding which to choose are: cost, convenience, nutrition, and the health benefits to both the baby and to the mother. In terms of cost, an advantage to breastfeeding is that breast milk is free. Its estimated that breastfeeding can save you thousands of dollars a year, depending on the brand of formula that would have been used instead. AccordingRead MoreExpository Essay - Breastfeeding1448 Words   |  6 Pagestheir child’s life. This one decision that will give your child the best start in life is very simple; breastfeeding. Breastfeeding has numerous physical and psychological benefits that it provides an infant. These benefits are often greatly underestimated and under-emphasized. There are many details that go into enforcing the fact that breastfeeding has been proven to be the optimal nutrition for infants, and these details are crucial in encouraging mothers to do what is ultimately the best thingRead MoreThe Breast Vs. Bottle Debate1718 Words   |  7 Pages The Breast vs. Bottle Debate Deciding whether to formula feed or breastfeed ones baby is one of the biggest and most crucial decisions expectant and new parents will make before giving birth. Organizations such as World Health Organizations (WHO), American Medical Association (AMA), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and American Dietetic Association recommend breastfeeding as the best option for the newborn. Most of these organizations and other supporters of breastfeeding affirm that it defendsRead MoreThe Vs. Formula For Infants Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pages Boobies Vs Formula When a woman delivers a baby, she has many questions to think about, like what shots to give them, where the baby should sleep, and what type of diapers they should use. One of the hardest decisions a new mother has to make is whether or not to breastfeed their baby. For years, mothers have been debating what would be more beneficial for the baby, breastfeeding or formula. â€Å"Several health organizations, including the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the American MedicalRead MoreBreastfeeding VS Formula Bottle-feeding Essay1112 Words   |  5 Pages Breastfeeding vs. Formula Bottle-feeding Every mother of a newborn baby must make a very personal decision when it comes to how they are going to feed their infant. I was faced with that decision 3 years ago when I had my first son who I named Ethen. It was one of the very hardest decisions I had to make. I had to consider all the good benefits of breast feeding as well as the benefits of formula bottle-feeding, but the good benefits of breastfeeding outnumbered the bottle feeding ones. I finallyRead MoreInfant Nutrition: What is best for your baby - breast milk or formula?1795 Words   |  8 Pagesimportant decision that you will make for your baby is whether to feed your baby breast milk or formula. Many women today are opting for formula, but what is the best choice? There are advantages and disadvantages to both breastfeeding and formula feeding. You need to carefully weigh the pros and cons before you make your decision. There are very distinct nutritional differences between breast milk and formula. Nutritional ly, breast milk is exactly what your baby needs. Breast milk will also helpRead MoreBreast Feeding Vs. The Bottle1326 Words   |  6 PagesBreast-feeding vs. The Bottle: The Decision is yours â€Å"Some mothers have to give up breastfeeding even though they want to breastfeed. To give up breastfeeding can be a sensitive issue in a time when breastfeeding is promoted as the healthiest for mother and child† (Larsen Kronborg, 2013, p. 848). The debate over whether breast-feeding is better than bottle-feeding or vice versa has been a debate for many years. With more and more research that is continuously being developed, the option to breast-feedRead MoreBenefits Of Breastfeeding Premature Infants1122 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction I chose to research the benefits of breastfeeding premature infants. This will not only include just the benefits, but also the possible complications of not using breast milk, and using formula instead. I chose this topic because of a personal family situation with one of my nephews who was born at 30 weeks weighing it at 3lbs 5oz in the NICU and breast milk was pushed and told it was essential to helping my nephew develop properly enough to be sent home. Whether the newborn is beingRead MoreEssay on Infant Formula: Good, Bad or Innocuous1676 Words   |  7 Pagesalternative feeding has also been used as a convenience. Prior to the development of infant formula in 1865, animal milk and wet nurses were used to accomplish the feeding of orphaned infants or others whose mothers could not, or chose not to, breast feed. Between 1950 and 1970 the breast feeding rate fell dramatically. Some studies suggest that more that 75 percent of American infants born during that time were formula fed. As the rates of diabetes, obesity and other health issues continue to increase researchersRead MoreThe Effect Of Breastfeeding On Ovarian And Breast Cancer Risks1298 Words   |  6 Pagesfundamental shift in infant nutrition research due to increasing evidence that the role of early nutrition during this vital period of life has deep biological effects and has an important consequence both in long and short-term health (Fewtrell 2007). The research that has been done in this area offers strong evidence that human milk feeding decreases the severity and incidence of a vast range of infectious diseases (Garner 1997). There are many benefits of breastfeeding reduces the ovarian and breast

Professional Skills Reflective and Individualistic

Question: Discuss aabout the Professional Skills for Reflective and Individualistic. Answer: Critical Thinking Critical thinking is involvement of reflective and individualistic thought processing. The procedure of critical thinking comprises of recognition, analysis and appraisal of argument. Reflective justification is important in critical (Jackson 2015). This convention is important in both professional and academic field. Nurse, psychologist, teacher and student also need to do reflective thinking so that they can take decisions in a systematic way. In school in had to think critically as I had to assess the knowledge that I have gathered. In my professional life, I had to use critical thinking in assessing certain situation and solve problem according to the assessed situation. Academically, I was not satisfied with the answers that I obtained from my textbooks; I consulted several hundreds of scholarly article in order to find the right information about a particular subject. In personal life, I am successful because I have always asked questions to understand the situation. According to Nosich 2012, In order to interpret the situation or to solve problems critical thinking has always helped me. To me critical thinking is assessing a situation thoroughly and act according to the necessity of the situation. It is not that I have never put a wrong step but critical assessment has helped to get out of that trouble. Critical thinking is all about making right judgment. It helps in assessing certain situation with the method of evaluation (Fu 2013). In information and communication technology, critical thinking plays a significant role. Analyzing, synthesizing and evaluating data are the components that information and communication technology demands. ICT professional needs to be critical thinkers, one should have the capacity to think differently because social media attracts comments both positive and negative comments (Kwan and Wong 2015). ICT professionals like Steve Jobs and Bill Gates thought critically, reformed the computing world, and gave it a new face. The individual applied critical thinking and discovered smart phones and app that comprised of institutionalization of a new concept and developed new opportunity to assess information by applying completely new procedure. In communication, information technology helps in generating communication in a more effective way. In global marke t, information technology pays a major role as communicating in an effective way is the part of their professional. Critically sorting out ideas to handle different aspects that they confront in their professional life is what their profession involves. According to Mirabella et al. 2013, it is very admirable that the ICT professionals have to assess a perspective and value both service and impacts that it has on the human world. It is very important for a student to be critical thinker because development in perspective comes from systematically assessing of learning. There are many problems and challenges that a student encounters. Critically assessing of the situation and taking necessary step is the only way they can overcome a problematic situation. It is significant for professional to examine a situation and respond in pertinently to that by analyzing and assessing the situation. Portfolio SWOT analysis: Strengths Weakness Weakness Internal Positive attitude Educated Visionary Team worker Lack experience Procrastinator Impatient Judgmental Opportunities Threats Threats External Communication skills Ability to adapt to change Suitable openings in job Networking Competition that are present in the environment Delay in getting started with my career. Fear of failing Waiting for the right time In my SWOT analysis, I have revealed that I am procrastinator. Every person has personal weaknesses but very few of them want to change their weaknesses into strength. Those individuals, who wants to rectify their flaws and transform their amateurish mistakes to strength has to utilize certain strategies that can help me to increase my opportunity level. One should have the power and faith on themselves to acknowledge the weaknesses that they have only then they could successfully get rid of those. Self-improvement is the first step to bring changes in my weaknesses. Procrastinating is the behavioral attribute that projects lack of sense of responsibility in an individual. I like taking up responsibility but after getting them, I lose interest in fulfilling them. Though I am a positive individual, still I confront obstacles like lethargy and lack motivation. Theory of motivation by Maslow says that self-actualization is the process through which an individual can correct themselves a nd increase chances. The theory of motivation has influenced me greatly in to asses strategies that will help with my future achievements. Specification in setting goals will help me to perform well. According to Lockes, goal setting theory goals should be specific rather than vague. Goals and intensions works side by side and influence a human behavior to work harder in order to complete the task in time. The goals that I need to set should have clear target. A clear target will definitely help me in rectifying my weakness, as I will not get the scope to delay my work. I will have a target that I will have to complete in a specified time. I need to believe that if I increase my effort my performance level will increase. If I work hard, my level of performance will increase and thus I will gain greater competency level. Vrooms expectancy theory depends on the perception that an individual possess. The theory will assist me to attain goals more effectively and most importantly on time. I want to convert my weaknesses in to strength so that I can maneuver my skills and effectively present myself in my workplace. To avoid procrastination I have to increase my focus. I should also try to strategize my plan and set time limit for every work so that I can finish those in time. My experience in social media: Social media is the tool through which we can connect ourselves to people through virtual exchange of information (Gerbaudo 2012). I never liked the idea of joining social media personally. However, my friend one day compelled me to open and suggested that I would not be able to interpret the advantage of social media if I do not start using it. Social media can act as a benefactor to an organization (Van Dijck 2013). An individual has to engage himself to know how social media works and assists in publicizing business. I did not know how making thousand friends in face book and talking to them online would help me in my business development. After sometime, I realized that there was an option in the media that helped to assemble people into groups. I can use this option to share my personal experiences. I now have a communication firm of my own and I have page that gives an individual platform to talk about their own success story in business. This way I get to communicate with cust omers and promote my organization. However, as the community grew the page looked very messy. Why and how the experience happened: I experienced success through this venture as it helped me to gain massive public response about my organization. It was important for me to understand the vitality of social media and reach the audiences of the organization in a cost effective manner. I first observed how people interact and connect with other people. What I learned: The experience has taught me that accepting changes is very important. Earlier I have said about how I disliked social media but after I understood the priority of the tool, I readily accepted the culture. It has influenced my business and has helped me in growing my business. How I can handle it in better way: Social media is a culture acceptance of which has assisted me in climbing the stairs of success. In my future, I will use social media more effectively so that my community grows and I can understand the need of the customers through interactions. I am hoping to open a page where customers can drop feedback and talk about their experience and supply with their valuable perspective as to how our company improve. It will help me to keep track of the customers or viewers and attend to them individually. Positive and negatives of the situation: Social media has both positive and negative side. On one hand, it helped me to publicize my business on the other hand some people tried to hack my profile in order to misuse my information or circulate bad reputation about my company. Organizations are investing hefty amount in Information Communication Technology for revitalizing the system (Kauffman and Riggins 2012). It is a complex but effective way of storing data and information. ICT professional has to follow certain codes of conducts. The ethical codes are designed in such a way that they have to fulfill certain responsibilities in order to assist the organization in achieving its goal. Information technology has to maintain amicable relationship with their co-workers (Olsson et al. 2012). They have to attend training that the company will construct for them so that they can work more efficiently and effectively. ICT professional According to Garvey 2014, information and communication technology professional are knowledgeable in specific skills relevant to certain field of technology. They have to agree to ethical code of conducts to prove their professionalism and obedience towards their work. It is their personal liability to take their profession seriously and increase quality and effectively of their work. Competency comes from the experience. Work ethic and values Information and communication technology professionals have to obey code of ethics. Codes of ethics are the part of constitution of the organization (Kossa and Piget 2014). The professionals need to act as ethical authority of the organization. They have a standard through which the practices of the professional can be measured. Development and maintain of social culture in an organization is necessary. They need to understand the legislation structure and their responsibility towards society. Business should be done through professional perspective. Time to time modification of the existing process is important. ICT professional are dedicated and always works for the best interest of the stakeholders. They have to communicate effectively with others. They should develop and help their colleagues to develop through embracing the changes and enhancing their performances. Communication with colleagues An ICT professional should maintain professional relationship with the colleagues in the workplace (Kenichi 2012). They should listen to their supervisors and should obey the instructions and adhere to them. Mentoring is one of the key responsibility of ICT professional, they need to guide would be professionals. According to Chang et al. 2012 supervisor is the coach, collaborator and consultant. Employees need to give appropriate respect and dignity to their co-workers. They should not be judgmental and mentors should always offer guidance to those who need. Strong interpersonal skill is necessary for effective interaction. Listening and reacting in accordance to it is essential for avoiding misinterpretation in working environment. Everyone needs to play their role effectively that is why efficacy in communication is important (Gajendran and Brewer 2012). Diversity in the workplace Diversity in workplace is very essential to me because an organization consist of people who belong to various culture and religion (Gardenfors and Johansson 2014). Paying respect and talking in a respectful manner is very important. In my organization, I have Japanese colleagues who greet each other by bowing. It is a symbol of etiquette in their culture and they consider it ethics of their culture. I think it is important to acknowledge every religion and culture in a workplace because we have to work together and in order to do that we have to support each other emotionally. Professional bonding in a workplace is important that is why we should pay the respect to every individual in a workplace deserves. A good organization always supports all of the employees and motivates them to work together irrespective of their religion and culture (Hrd and Jamison 2013). Successful Completion: Information and communication technology is making impact in the global world (Liu and Yuan 2015). The growing use of internet and social media is compelling everyone to acknowledge information communication technology (Newman, Biedrzycki and Baum 2012). The course of ICT has several steps and following those steps, I have effectively learned the necessity of critical thinking in information and communication technology. I have evaluated my strengths and weaknesses effectively and provided strategy to overcome my weakness. I have discussed my view about social media and provided experience. I now know the importance of codes of ethics in ICT. I have also recognized the value of this course in my life. Listening to what an individual has to say is very important as it helps in avoiding miscommunication. Teamwork is only successful when a team has defined goal of its own. Team leaders need to be supportive and in return team members should follow the orders constructed by them. Communication should be transparent without any ambiguity. While writing in social media, an individual should adhere to easy language so that everyone can understand. Australian workplaces are now acknowledging people from diverse culture, as they want to create a multi cultural workplace culture. ICT has helped in connecting people all over the world. Smart phones applications are helping people by providing web browsers, music buying option, mapping software etc. Feedback: The things that I learned from this course are necessity of effective communication. I have learnt how to talk to people in a comprehensive manner and attract them with my presentation skill. I am very satisfied with the course that because I have learned presentation skills that will help me to attract people. Suggestions: The course should involve non-theoretical classes so that we can gain more experiences that are practical. Real life professionals should be brought so that we can get inspired from their life and story. Reference: Chang, L.W., Mwanika, A., Kaye, D., Muhwezi, W.W., Nabirye, R.C., Mbalinda, S., Okullo, I., Kennedy, C.E., Groves, S., Sisson, S.D. and Burnham, G., 2012. Information and communication technology and community-based health sciences training in Uganda: perceptions and experiences of educators and students.Informatics for Health and Social Care,37(1), pp.1-11. Fu, J.S., 2013. ICT in education: A critical literature review and its implications.International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology,9(1), p.112. Gajendran, T. and Brewer, G., 2012. Cultural consciousness and the effective implementation of information and communication technology.Construction Innovation,12(2), pp.179-197. Gardenfors, P. and Johansson, P. eds., 2014.Cognition, education, and communication technology. Routledge. Garvey, W.D., 2014.Communication: the essence of science: facilitating information exchange among librarians, scientists, engineers and students. Elsevier. Gerbaudo, P., 2012.Tweets and the streets: Social media and contemporary activism. Pluto Press. Hrd, M. and Jamison, A., 2013.Hubris and hybrids: a cultural history of technology and science. Routledge. Jackson, S., 2015.Research methods and statistics: A critical thinking approach. Cengage Learning. Kauffman, R.J. and Riggins, F.J., 2012. Information and communication technology and the sustainability of microfinance.Electronic Commerce Research and Applications,11(5), pp.450-468. Kenichi, M.A.S.E., 2012. Information and Communication Technology and Electric VehiclesPaving the Way towards a Smart Community.IEICE transactions on communications,95(6), pp.1902-1910. Kossa, M. and Piget, P., 2014. Adoption of information and communication technology and firm profitability: Empirical evidence from Tunisian SMEs.The Journal of High Technology Management Research,25(1), pp.9-20. Kwan, Y.W. and Wong, A.F., 2015. Effects of the constructivist learning environment on students critical thinking ability: Cognitive and motivational variables as mediators.International Journal of Educational Research,70, pp.68-79. Liu, S.M. and Yuan, Q., 2015. The evolution of information and communication technology in public administration.Public Administration and Development,35(2), pp.140-151. Mirabella, N., Rigamonti, L. and Scalbi, S., 2013. Life cycle assessment of information and communication technology application: A case study of dematerialization in the Italian public administration.Journal of Cleaner Production,44, pp.115-122. Newman, L., Biedrzycki, K. and Baum, F., 2012. Digital technology use among disadvantaged Australians: implications for equitable consumer participation in digitally-mediated communication and information exchange with health services.Australian Health Review,36(2), pp.125-129. Nosich, G.M., 2012. Learning to think things through: A guide to critical thinking across the curriculum.. Olsson, A., Engstrm, M., Skovdahl, K. and Lampic, C., 2012. My, your and our needs for safety and security: relatives reflections on using information and communication technology in dementia care.Scandinavian journal of caring sciences,26(1), pp.104-112. Van Dijck, J., 2013.The culture of connectivity: A critical history of social media. Oxford University Press.

Narcolepsy Essays (925 words) - Sleep Disorders, Dream, Neuroscience

Narcolepsy An article in the Scientific American, by Jerome M. Siegel, focused on a dangerous sleeping disorder called Narcolepsy. A Narcoleptic has Symptoms such as cataplexy, which is the loss of skeletal muscle tone, and always feeling sleepy during daytime hours. The people suffering from this disorder tend to feel as if they hadn't gone to sleep for 48 hours. In addition, they sleep poorly at night. Laughter, embarrassment, sudden anger, social interactions with strangers, and sexual intercourse may trigger a cataplectic attack. A Narcoleptic may even fall asleep at the most dangerous times. For example, driving a car with this untreated disorder puts a person at high risk of an automobile accident. The disorder makes it difficult for them to focus on specific things, such as schoolwork or work in the workplace. Sleep paralysis and hypnagognic hallucinations are among two other symptoms of narcolepsy. Sleep paralysis is an ability to move when you fall asleep or awaken. This occurs daily. On the other hand, hypnagogic hallucinations are dreamlike experiences during waking that sometimes incorporate elements of the environment. These symptoms occur when narcoleptics are most sleepy. In addition, not every person suffers from the symptoms the same way. Also, this article pointed out that Narcolepsy affects between one and one thousand and one and two thousand people in the U.S. In contrast, one in 600 in Japan to one in 500,000 in Israel. It also stated that the environment and ethnic backgrounds are the reason for the number differences of these countries. The first signs of Narcolepsy appear in the teens or 20's. The symptoms do get worse after a few years and then they plateau. The causes or Narcolepsy is linked to a disruption of the sleep control mechanism in our brain. Our sleep cycle normally has two stages, Rapid-Eye movement Sleep (REM), and Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (NREM). When were experiencing NREM sleep, our muscles are relaxed, breathing is normal, the cerebral cortex generates high-voltage waves and the energy consumed by the brain is minimized. In contrast, in REM sleep, breathing and heart rate are irregular, rapid eye movements occur; the cortex generates fast, irregular, low voltage waves. Non-Narcoleptics tend to begin to sleep with NREM sleep. After 90 minutes or so, they're in REM sleep. When this happens, they experience loss of muscle tone and dreamlike hallucinations that usually occur during REM sleep. Researchers stated that being sleepy is normal, but its the large amount of sleep in Narcoleptics thats very abnormal. In the early 1970's, advanced research in Narcolepsy began. Researchers discovered that some dogs showed that they had very similar symptoms to human narcoleptics. William C. Demit of Stanford University stated that the disease in the dogs was inherited by both the mother and father to their offspring. In the 1940's, Horace W. Magnoun of Northwestern University discovered when he electrically stimulated the medulla (part of the brain stem) the muscle tone disappeared. He didn't connect his studies to sleep. The studies in animals show us that the main function of the muscle-tone control system in the medulla suppresses muscle activity in REM sleep. In addition, it regulates the level of muscle tone in waking. This part doesnt work when the animals are moving. This explains the notion of when we try to relax or turn off our muscles; we are actually trying to turn on this specific section of the brain. REM sleep is the only time when normal individuals lose all muscle tone. Another study by Frank Wu indicated that there was another group of nerve cells in the brainstem called the Locus Coeruleus. The locus coeruleus also plays a role in REM sleep and narcolepsy. It releases a neurotransmitter called norepinephrine, which communicates with another neurons. Both these nerve cells are active in animals in waking, but inactive when theyre in REM sleep. In REM sleep the reduced amount of motor neurons prevents them from moving or responding to their dreams. In cataplexy, the same reduction prevents the motor neurons from responding to a narcoleptics attempt to move. Researchers also concluded that unknown agents in the environment may cause an autoimmune reaction that ends up damaging neurons in the brain that control arousal and muscle tone. After narcoleptic symptoms occur, the patients

Undergraduate Report of Bangor University (B.U.).

Undergraduate Report of Bangor University (B.U.). Abstract The purpose of this report is to obtain a view of the students who are already enrolled at Bangor University (B.U.). This is concerning their study experience at the University.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Undergraduate Report of Bangor University (B.U.). specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The findings of this study will be a useful aid in the future admission of other students. The new students would have acquired enough information concerning the study at the University. The report will help students to understand the purpose and their presence in the University. They will obtain enough information of what is required of them in their studies. Is important for them, to have knowledge about the University in advance, this should be before their admission. This report gives some information from three main areas: exams, presentation, and writing by asking students who are already studied for 1st year about their study experience in the University during their studies. A questionnaire has been used in data collection as a methodology of data collection. Samples were taken randomly from the 1st year students who have completed the first year of their studies. The results are tabulated and bar graph has been used for analysis. There are some recommendations which have been made following the analyzed data. Introduction In this report the focus is in finding out about the life at the B.U. and how the students relate to the academic life in the University. There are many areas in the University which can affect the general life and the academic life of a student. Bangor is a great University and is found all over the city. Most parts are within and you can walk from one place to the other. Each department has a library which has a connection to it, computer equipment and the facilities and a general room. There are different halls. Some are new while others are old. Some of the halls whic h are old are good because they have bid rooms.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More First years must get a place and it is not unusual for 2nd and 3rd years to be able to stay in halls if they want to. All the rooms are single-roomed; some have data-points and showers whilst others have facilities common. The main site has computer rooms for the whole site, whilst the other halls have a few computers in the hall itself (Goodson and Sikes 2001). The course is of great value even if a lot of effort is needed especially at the end of the term. Outside of lectures there are Practical work which has to be done and write up and tutorials to go through questions in smaller groups (Elgersman 2005). The exams are not too long, shorter than some of the A-level ones. Most sports are catered to, and many are more sedate ranging from Drama to Beer drinking. The countryside has a very great a esthetic value and the snow crowns it all. This does give Bangor its only drawback: the number of hills. Though, it is a brilliant place to study (Fitzpatrick 2011). Having have given that small detail about the University, I can say that the main reason for doing this study is to provide enough information which will be useful to the incoming students both from within the country and for the international students. Aim The objective of this study is to make a study on the students’ views about B.U. These are those who have at least completed their 1st year, concerning study and general life at the university. The report look at the views of the students and this information is then analyzed to get the overall view of the students about their study life at Bangor University. Methodology of the study This study has been done using the questionnaires. Some samples have been collected to be used in the study. Random samples were collected from the students who have completed the ir 1st year of study at the University. This was a target group because being a bit new in the University, this group of students could be having keen interest in knowing more about the University hence the could in a better position to provide reliable information (Scee 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Undergraduate Report of Bangor University (B.U.). specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The random sampling was done to avoid collection of biased data. The data collection was carried out inside the B.U. This is because most of the 1st year students reside within the University and this could make data collection much easier hence saving on the time and the cost of data collection. Some questions were used in order to obtain accurate and reliable information. The number of the students who gave information on the questionnaire was 10 and was samples randomly (McBride 1996). Results All the 10 students gave some gen eral comment about the studies and life at B.U. concerning the exams, presentation and writing, general comments were good average and bad. The number and the general response are given in form of a table in order to make an easy analysis of the general response. The general responses to the exam, presentation and writing questions is given in the table below Response from students in (%) exams presentation writing Good 50 70 80 Average 40 25 10 bad 10 5 10 Analysis This was analyzed using a graph as shown below. In the exams part, about half of the students sampled feel that the exams are good. On average stand were about 40% and only few thought that exams are bad or hard. Many students sampled felt that presentations were good. About 25% thought that the presentations were average and only 5% did not like the presentations.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many students like the writing work and very few are on average or think the writing work is not good. Comparing the exams, presentations and the writing work, many students felt that the writing work is good followed by the presentations and then the exams (Curran 1984). Discussion It is evident that many students at the University do not like exams very much. They prefer writing work and presentations. This could be due to the fact that most students don’t take enough time to prepare for the exams hence developing that negative attitude towards the exams. Hence it is very important for any student considering joining B.U. to learn to plan their time well so that they could have enough time for the exams preparation. Presentations are liked by many students. This could be due to adequate computer facilities in the University hence the students don’t find it difficult to prepare for their presentations. This is a very important source of information for the incoming st udents. They don’t have to worry about the accessibility to the computer facilities because the resource is well established at the B.U. Writing is rated very high compared to the exams and the presentations. This could be due to many reference materials which are at the University library. The new students and those purposing to come to the University should be aware of the good study materials at the University which can be utilized. The exams, presentations and writing are the different parts in learning which all students must be involved in. Hence all the students have a part to play in striving to have a positive attitude towards learning. This information should be clear enough to all the incoming students so that they should set their attitude right from the very beginning of their studies. And this will be well reflected in the exams taken and in the assignments. In this discussion is important to give a brief history of the university which will be a very useful pie ce of information for the new students at B.U. The University of Bangor was established in the 19th century. This was meant to offer higher education in Bangor. Currently there are many students and teaching and other members of the University staff. Dr David Roberts said: â€Å"It records the highs and lows, the successes and crises, the achievements and challenges in the University’s history (Fitzpatrick 2011). The University of Bangor has many opportunities which can be exploited by the students and the aspiring students. Academic life can be hard average or difficult to students. This will be determined by the organization of the student and time management. There are many exams, Presentations and assignments which are to be done by the students (Gyorgy 1998). Recommendation Before coming to the University I would recommend the new students to: Know about the student life and accommodation in the University Be aware of the assignment deadlines and how they should meet t hem Know the time they are supposed to meet their tutors and attending the lectures Know how to deal with the exams pressure and be able to organize themselves well To be aware of the examination schedule and how teachings are conducted What is expected of every student concerning the academics The history of the B.U and administration of the University What are the major factors which lead students to have attitude towards exams Be aware of the University location in the city and the surrounding environment (Roberts 2004). Conclusion In conclusion we can say that the students at Bangor University have different views concerning the academic life at the University. There are those who like or dislike the exams. There are those who like the presentations more than writing the assignments. Therefore this study has been effectively done. It has shown the different aspects of academic life at Bangor University. This information is very vital to the students who in one way or the other are considering pursuing their studies at the University. They will have a general knowledge of what they expect to see at B.U and what will be expected of them. The new students will therefore not waste any of their precious time so as to avoid a great rush in exam preparation and the pressure which cones with the exams. For a well organized and a focused student, life at B.U can be very comfortable and the students can achieve their set goals without much struggle. B.U can provide a very suitable studying environment for both local and the international students. In case of any difficulties in the revision for the exams, students can consult the teaching staff. There is great assistance which can be offered to them hence there will be reduced negativity in studies. Reference List Curran, M., 1984. Antiphonary of Bangor and the Early Irish Monastic Liturgy. Dublin: Irish Academic. Elgersman, L., 2005. Black Bangor: African Americans in a Maine Community, 1880- 1950. Durham: Univers ity of New Hampshire Press. Fitzpatrick, J., 2011. A History Based on the Life of an Academic Librarian. New York: Kindle Edition. Goodson, I.F. and Sikes, P., 2001. Life History Research in Educational Settings: Learning from Lives. Buckingham: Open University Press. Gyorgy, P., 1998. Academia and State Socialism: Essays on the Political History of Academic Life in. Post-1945 Hungary and East Central Europe. New York: Highland Lakes. McBride, J., 1996. The Color of Water: A Black Man’s Tribute to His White Mother. New York: Riverhead Books. Roberts, B., 2004. Bangor University, A study of the University. New York: Kindle Edition. Scee, K., 2010. Bangor City on the Penobscot, a Comprehensive History of Bangor. Bangor: The History Press. Appendix The questionnaire appeared as shown below QUESTIONNAIRE This questionnaire is being used to collect information for a report on the student academic experience of undergraduate students at Bangor University. What Subject Degree are yo u studying at BU? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. What year of your course are you in? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Which country do you come from? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Part One (Exams) How much percentage of course grade is the exams? How many exams is there a term? What types of exams do you do? For example: presentation or timed essay exam. Please explain _____________________________ (please write down) For what reasons could you fail the exams? If you fail the exams then what happens next? Have you ever missed an exam? If students miss an exam what should they do? Part Two (Presentation) Is giving presentations nec essary on this course? How many presentations in a term? How long is each presentation? How important is presentations for assessment? What kind of presentation do students do? ââ€" ¡in group ââ€" ¡alone ââ€" ¡others__________________ (please write down) Part Three (Writing) What types of writing is important in 1st year? ââ€" ¡Report ââ€" ¡ Essay ââ€" ¡ e-mail ââ€" ¡others ___________________(please write down) How long are the essays in 1st year? How often must you use your e-mail to contact your tutor? ââ€" ¡everyday ââ€" ¡once a week ââ€" ¡when I have homework ââ€" ¡others_____________________ (please write down) How often do you have essay homework? ââ€" ¡once a week ââ€" ¡1-3 a month ââ€" ¡others___________________ (please write down) How long to complete your essay? ________________________ (please write down)

An Overview of the Motorcycles History

An Overview of the Motorcycles History Like many inventions, the motorcycle  evolved in gradual stages, without a single inventor who can lay sole claim to being the inventor. Early versions of the motorcycle were introduced by numerous inventors, mostly in Europe,  in the 19th century. Steam-Powered Bicycles American Sylvester Howard Roper (1823-1896) invented a two-cylinder, steam-powered velocipede in 1867. A velocipede is an early form of a bicycle in which the pedals are attached to the front wheel. Ropers invention can be considered the first motorcycle if you allow your definition of a motorcycle to include a coal-fired steam engine. Roper, who also invented the steam-engine car, was killed in 1896 while riding his steam velocipede.   Around the same time that Roper introduced his steam-powered velocipede, Frenchman Ernest Michaux attached a steam engine to a velocipede invented by his father, blacksmith Pierre Michaux. His version was fired by alcohol and twin belt drives that powered the front wheel.   A few years later, in 1881, an inventor named Lucius Copeland of Phoenix, Arizona developed a smaller steam boiler that could drive the rear wheel of a bicycle at the amazing speed of 12 mph. In 1887, Copeland formed a manufacturing company  to produce the first so-called Moto-Cycle, though it was actually a three-wheeled contraption.   The First Gas-Engined Motorcycle Over the next 10 years, dozens of different designs for self-propelled bicycles appeared, but its widely acknowledged that the first to use a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine was the creation of German Gottlieb Daimler and his partner Wilhelm Maybach, who developed the Petroleum Reitwagon in 1885. This marked  the moment in history when the dual development of a viable gas-powered engine and the modern bicycle collided. Gottlieb Daimler used a new engine invented by engineer  Nicolaus Otto. Otto had invented the first Four-Stroke Internal-Combustion Engine in 1876, dubbing it the Otto Cycle Engine As soon as he completed his engine, Daimler (a former Otto employee) built it into a motorcycle. Oddly,  Daimlers Reitwagon did not have a maneuverable front wheel, but instead relied on a pair of outrigger wheels, similar to training wheels, to keep the bike upright during turns.   Daimler was a prodigious innovator and went on to experiment with gasoline motors for boats, and he also became a pioneer in the commercial car manufacturing arena. The company bearing his name eventually became Daimler Benz- the company  that evolved in the corporation we now know as Mercedes-Benz. Continued Development From the late 1880s onward, dozens of additional companies sprang up to produce self-propelled bicycles, first in Germany and Britain but quickly spreading to the U.S.   In 1894, the German company,  Hildebrand Wolfmà ¼ller, became the first to establish a production line factory to manufacture the vehicles, which now for the first time were called motorcycles.  In the U.S., the first production motorcycle was built by the factory of Charles Metz, in Waltham, Massachusetts.   The Harley Davidson Motorcycle No discussion of the history of motorcycles can end without some mention of the most famous U.S. manufacturer, Harley Davidson.   Many of the 19th-century inventors who worked on early motorcycles often moved on to other inventions. Daimler and Roper, for example, both went on to develop automobiles and other vehicles. However, some  inventors,  including William Harley and the Davidsons brothers, continued to exclusively develop motorcycles. Among their business competitors were other new start-up companies, such as Excelsior, Indian, Pierce, Merkel, Schickel, and Thor. In 1903, William Harley and his friends Arthur and Walter Davidson launched the Harley-Davidson Motor Company. The bike had a quality engine, so it could prove itself in races, even though the company initially planned to manufacture and market it as a transport vehicle. Merchant C. H. Lange  sold the first officially distributed Harley-Davidson in Chicago.

Illustration and Example Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Illustration and Example - Essay Example It has also been observed that children of divorced people normally lack confidence and they start involving in bad habits soon. However, the other side of the story is even worse. Divorce is better for America than long-term marriage because divorce 1) decreases the chances of violence, fights and mental depression, 2) saves children from the feeling of being neglected and insecure and 3) stops the bitterness for opposite sexes which may arise due to regular misunderstandings and fights between the partners. Long-term unhappy marriages cause disputes, violence, abusing and harsh behaviors. Healthy relationships always require for a flexible attitude. If both the partners remain stiff in their attitudes then it is more likely that their life would be full of mental and physical depression. And this mental and physical depression can lead to other diseases in their lives. Individuals who are unhappy in a relationship but still do not part their ways are more probable to do commit actions of insanity. For e.g. daily fights in a household between the husband and spouse may lead both of them to develop a sense of grudge in each other. And in many cases it can be seen that this feeling of grudge has lead the husband or wife to cheat on each other and further worsen the relationship. The actions of wife and husband not only do change in an unhealthy relationship but also does the relationship affect the environment of the house. Another example can be viewed here in which fights between husban d and wife can lead to lethal actions by one of them.Children are an important part of a household who need to be properly taken cared of. However if fights take place between their parents they may not get proper attention from them and this may affect their overall life standards. It would lead the children to indulge in activities which are not desirable. In cases it has been seen that children also lose their will of living in the same house in which these fights occur. For e.g. in a household in which fights occur on a daily basis, children are not paid heed properly. These children develop a sense of insecurity in the house and thus this leads them to indulge in activities such as smoking and drinking. Here the option of divorce can be considered to be better so as to save the future of the children. Furthermore another example can be considered here in which the fights which happen on a daily basis in the house affect the confidence level of the children. This leads the child ren to have a lower confidence level. Similarly if unhappy marriages continue husband and wife might also suffer from the problem of insecurity. Insecurity in a relationship can affect the lives of both the individuals in a relationship. It can ruin the whole life of the individuals as they won't ever be able to find a perfect match for themselves. They develop a sense of

Information on databases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Information on databases - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that databases are found anywhere structured data needs to be stored and referenced for future use. This includes places like schools, hospitals, businesses, libraries, banks and even at the home. Tables are the basic entities that store structured data in the form of rows and columns. Forms are designed to make the entry of data into tables easier. Queries are used to make searches on tables based on specific criteria and the output can be given in the form of a report that clearly shows the results of the query. The researcher states that he uses a timetable to store data about my classroom activities and he uses a paper based table to store records of things he needs to do during the week. This includes such items as shopping for groceries, studying and places to visit. It has two columns of time and activity and several rows. Paper and database forms differ in the following ways. Database forms are electronic and thus can handle more da ta than paper can by several orders of magnitude. Paper forms are limited in their functionality, unlike database forms which allow functionality search as carrying out quick searches, sorting, delete and undelete and etc. Database forms can allow an audit trail to indicate who accessed what and when. Paper forms cannot allow this to happen. Database forms are more persistent and more difficult to destroy, unlike paper forms because of easing of copying and storage.

Martin Luther King Essay Example for Free

Martin Luther King Essay â€Å"I have a dream that one day my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character† (â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr.†). These wise and upholding words of confidence and determination changed the face of America during a time of hate and discrimination. King’s inspirational leadership and speeches helped make a local bus protest into a historical event (â€Å"King, Martin Luther Jr. †) He gathered thousands of people, both black and white, to many encouraging protests and meetings to bring a hateful and racist world to peace. His strategy of â€Å"encouraging nonviolent protest and interracial cooperation helped him to fight effectively again the southern system† (King, Martin Luther Jr.†). These strategies were also based on the belief of Indian pacifist Mohandas Gandhi. Martin Luther King Jr.’s ambition to seek a perfect world was extravagant; he will always be in the minds and hearts of Americans in years to come. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia (â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr.†). His birth name was Michael, but he later changed it to Martin (â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr.†). His parent’s names were Alberta and Martin Luther King, Sr. Alberta was a homemaker and Martin Sr. was a minister (â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr.†). Martin Jr. also had an older sister, named Christine, and a younger brother, named Alfred Rogers 2 (â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr.). Young Martin grew up in Atlanta to a very loving family highly devoted to service and faith. When Martin was young, he first encountered racism when his friends’ mother (who was white) did not allow him to play with her white son (Darby 8). Martin was too young to understand completely the meaning of why he was not allowed but the message he was simple, blacks were different from whites (Darby 9). Martin’s knowledge was known at a young age. He began reading at a very early age; his favorite books were about black history and the people who made it (Darby 13). He went to school at local segregated schools in Atlanta. He went to school when he was only five years old, but at the time it was only legal for kids to start school at the age of six. After officials found this out, he was forced to wait another year and start again. Martin attended Young Street Elementary and David Elementary Schools. When Martin was a junior in high school he was taking college exams that showed how advanced he was (â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr.†). He was able to go to college at the age of fifteen, skipping two years of high school. Martin attended Morehouse College, an all boy’s school and one of the finest black colleges in the country at the time. He studied sociology and received his bachelor’s degree Morehouse in 1948 (â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr.†). At the time Martin was thinking about becoming a minister. His father being a key role model on his decision to become a minister, he described his decision as an â€Å"inner urge,† calling him to â€Å"serve God and humanity (Carson 501). He was ordained during his final semester at Morehouse (Carson 502). At this time and point in his life, this is also where Martin began to precede his first steps towards his political spotlight. After departing Morehouse, King increased his understanding of liberal Christian thoughts while attending Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania from 1948 to 1951 (Carson 502). King had interest in Reinhold Niebuhr neorthodoxy which emphasized the impact of social evil. Martin added he didn’t begin a quest or method to eliminate social evil until he attended Crozer (Darby 20). Even as he continued to question and modify his own religious belief, he was performing outstandingly and graduated at the top of his class (Carson 502). He won the Plafker Award for the most outstanding student and received the J. Luis Crozer fellowship to study at any university of his choice (Darby 21). His parents gave him and hug and bought him a brand new Chevy. After graduating from Crozer, King began his doctoral studies in systematic theology at Boston University in School of Theology (Carson 502). The paper King had written during his time at Boston University had showed little originality but much plagiarism but had also formulated a decent perspective (Carson 502). By the time King had completed his doctoral studies in 1955, King had a strong view upon a wide range of theological and philosophical texts to express his views with precise information (Carson 502). His new and increased theological insights became known as he expanded his preaching activities at local Boston churches where he had assisted his father at masses. Also during King’s stay in Boston, he had met Coretta Scott, an Alabama born Antioch graduate who was then a student at the New England Conservatory of Music (Carson 502). On June 18, 1953, the students were married in Marion, Alabama, where Coretta’s family lived (Carson 502). During the following academic year, King began work on his dissertation which he completed during the spring of 1955. Thus finishing his dissertation, he was awarded a doctorate (Ph.D.) I theology and became Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (Darby 23). Although he had thought about pursing an academic career, King decided to accept an offer to become the pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama (Carson 502). In 1955, King was selected by the Montgomery Improvement Association to protest the arrest of NAACP official Rosa Parks for refusing to give her bus seat up to a white man (Carson 502). With King as their leader, the association led a year long boycott. King gained his leadership abilities through his religious background to gradually form a strategy that involved black churches to gain white support (Carson 502). Many of King’s beliefs were also mixed with the concepts on Indian pacifist leader Mohandas Gandhi to enforce non-violence during his protests. During King’s speech at a local segregated black church, he had gathered four thousand people to hear the story of Rosa Parks (Darby 34). After Martin’s speech, people cheered and stomped their feet as their reaction. The Civil Rights Movement had begun with King as their leader (Darby 35). King had led the MIA’s plan to the use of blacks not using buses until they were legal to have the right to sit anywhere they would please. During the time when blacks did not ride buses, Martin would preach too many to â€Å"not boast or brag,† and if struck, â€Å"do not strike back† (Darby 43). One evening Martin was pulled over by an officer on his way home, he said he was speeding (Darby 29). The officer had told Martin that he was to be taken to the Montgomery Police, but the way he was taking him was a way through Klansman land. Klansman land was where many African Americans were taken, beaten, and hung without anybody knowing (Darby 40). Martin was very scared but soon relieved after seeing the sign: Montgomery Jail ahead (Darby 40). King was soon released from jail too good news; Alabama had passed the new desegregation law, this meant victory for the blacks and the beginning of change for both races (Darby 42). With the victory, Martin cautioned black people to accept their victory with dignity and to resist violence. When King had time away from his social life, he liked spending time with his three kids. Spending time with his kids had made him stronger and more ready mentally for what was to come (Darby 61). King’s campaign to end segregation at lunch counters and in hiring practices drew nationwide attention when police turned dogs and five horses onto demonstrators (â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr.†). King was jailed with hundreds of supporters, many of them being schoolchildren (â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr.†). After being released from prison, Martin and other Civil Rights Leaders began organizing the historic march in Washington D.C. A mix of races of about 200,000 gathered peacefully at the Lincoln Memorial to demand equal justice for all citizens (â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr.†). Here crowds were  intrigued by King’s uplifting â€Å"I have a Dream† speech (â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr.†). His speech emphasized his faith that all men, someday, would be brothers (â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr.†). His speech encouraged national opinion that resulted in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr.†). The act enforced desegregation of public accommodation and outlawing discrimination in public owned facilities (â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr.†). The eventful year awarded King the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo in December. Opposition hit within the Civil Rights movement during March of 1965 at a demonstration in Selma, Alabama. The opposition was aimed at giving blacks federal voting rights that would provide legal support for the African Americans in the south (â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr.†). King organized the initial march from Selma to the state capital in Montgomery but did not lead it himself. The marchers were turned back with tear gas and night sticks. Determined for a second march, King set out with fifteen hundred marchers, black and white until the group came to a barrage of state troopers. Instead of forcing a confrontation, he led his followers to kneel and pray then unexpectedly turn back (â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr.†). The country was amazed by there actions resulting in the passage of Voting Rights of 1965 (â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr.†). In 1957, he was elected president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization formed to provide new leadership for the civil rights movement (â€Å"King, Martin Luther, Jr.†). His ideas were based from Gandhi in the organization. In a period from 1957-1968, King traveled our six million miles and spoke over twenty five hundred times (â€Å"King, Martin Luther, Jr.†). He was arrested at least twenty times (â€Å"King, Martin Luther, Jr.†). He was assaulted at least four times (â€Å"King, Martin Luther, Jr.†). He was awarded five honorary degrees; was named Man of the Year by Time magazine in 1963 (â€Å"King, Martin Luther, Jr.†). His strategy of encouraging nonviolent protest and interracial cooperation enabled him to fight against the Southern system (â€Å"King, Martin Luther, Jr.†). King’s inspirational leadership and his speeches helped to evaluate a local bus protest into a historical event (â€Å"King, Martin Luther, Jr.†). He was not only the symbolic leader of African Americans but also a world figure. He was the youngest man ever to receive the Nobel Peace Prize (thirty five years of age). He also turned down the prize money of $54, 123 and it would go to the civil rights movement. He delivered his famous speech of â€Å"I’ve Been to the Mountaintop,† April 3, 1968 (â€Å"King, Martin Luther, Jr.†). This had been King’s last speech. At 6:01 p.m. of April 4, 1968, while standing on the balcony of his motel room in Memphis, Tennessee, where he lead a protest for striking sanitation workers, he was assassinated (â€Å"King, Martin Luther, Jr.†). Martin was a man, he was not God. His charismatic and powerful way of speaking had changed American lives until present day. He was a man of vision and determination. He was often overworked and overtired, but this had never stopped him of dreaming what could be.

Analysis of Ceremony, by Leslie Marmon Silko :: Ceremony Essays

People often feel that their opinions do not matter, that they cannot make a difference. This is untrue, one person does have the ability to change an outcome, halt or finalize a decision, and even build or destroy a culture. In the novel Ceremony, by Leslie Marmon Silko, this is witnessed in the character Auntie, a dominating, selfish woman who will do anything to gain a respectable status in the community. In an attempt to gain acceptance from both Native and Western societies, Auntie metaphorically "kills" her own child which in turn destroys the Native American culture. Auntie has a deep desire for belonging, not only in Western civilization, but in her own Native world as well. She is constantly preoccupied with the image of which she projects to the community, often worrying that the rumors of her family will bring about shame and dishonor. Although the community has far more important issues to deal with, Auntie feels that is necessary to escape the "alleged," judgment that is derived from her sister promiscuous behavior and her brother's affair. Her belief is that if she is acknowledged in Western culture, than her past will cease to follow her. To acquire respect from Western society, Auntie strongly encourages her son, Rocky, to pursue non-traditional ways yet in the process fails to realize that she is pushing him considerably away from his heritage. Rocky is an adolescent that other students would envy; he is intelligent athletic and competitive, a perfect example illustrating the effects of Western culture. Of course his school supports his so called success, but his mother is the real culprit in stripping him of the pride he should posses toward his treasured past. Silko explains, "All that summer, while Josiah and Tayo watched the cattle and the sheep camp, and Robert worked in the fields each day, Rocky read magazines and ran laps at the baseball diamond. Auntie made it clear to everyone that it was all necessary if Rocky were to keep his football scholarship to the University.

Simulation Reflective Journal

Simulation Reflective Journal Look back We were four in our group and we were given a scenario of a patient who was having an anaphylactic reaction from bee sting venom. The group agreed that I will be the primary nurse. As the primary nurse, I knew that I had to lead and supervised our group in responding to the emergency situation at hand. Having played the role of a primary nurse in this simulation, I have gained meaningful experience, which I can use in my future nursing practice. Elaborate Being the primary nurse, I assigned each of my group members to a specific task. I assigned one colleague to assess the vital signs of the patient. In the scenario there were two medications that should be administered to the patient, the epinephrine and another anti-histamine drug, so I assigned two persons to prepare it. There was a delay in the administration of epinephrine since there were two epinephrine pre-filled automatic injections in the medication box. The person I assigned to it was confused which of the two will be used, so she asked me which one will be used. I’m not really sure what to answer, so I just told her to select the latest one and inject it immediately. Unfortunately the person who will administer the epinephrine did not know how to use the pre-filled automatic injection and neither did I. It took us sometimes to figure out how to inject it. As for the other medication, it was not stated in the scenario when to inject it. The person in-charge of preparing the medication also asked me when to inject it and again I’m not sure what to answer. I told her to wait for a few minutes before injecting it. I belatedly remember that in case of doubts, this matter should be referred to the doctor. Analyze The simulation has made me realized how crucial the role of the primary nurse during emergency situation. One must be thoroughly trained and must possess critical thinking skill before becoming a primary nurse since being the leader, members of the team tend to seek guidance to promote efficient nursing care. As a primary nurse in this simulation my colleagues addressed questions to me about the medications that are critical to the patient’s survival. My answers were not decisive which reflect my weak critical thinking skill. For example, when it comes to medication administration, in instances where things are not clear, it should always be referred to the doctor which in this case I belatedly remembered. Nurses should also make sure that they knew how to use all the equipment that is used in the nursing care. In a medical emergency situation, every second counts. In the simulation, epinephrine administration was delayed since the nurse did not know how to use the automatic injection. Over-all the simulation had a significant impact to my learning process. Revise For the next simulation, I am hoping that I have improved my critical thinking skills in nursing to effectively perform whatever role I will have. Moreover, since simulations are actual situations in real life clinical settings that are being played out by the students, I will research on applicable evidenced based nursing intervention and applied it during the simulation. Applying this type of intervention during the simulation will reinforce my knowledge of effective nursing intervention and will enable me to acquire a more meaningful experience that could be applied in actual clinical setting. I will also try my very best to find out what possible equipment will be used in carrying out nursing care for a given clinical setting that will be simulated aside from the equipment being used in assessing routine vital signs so that I could learn in advance how to use it. New Trial Experience gained from this simulation is very useful in my clinical practice and future nursing practice. It was instilled in my mind that appropriate nursing training and critical thinking skill is a must in any clinical setting in order to deliver efficient nursing care. In this regard I will honed my nursing skills through readings and diligent practice and apply it in actual clinical setting, I will discuss with the instructor, relevant observations in clinical practice to acquire thorough understanding of the patient’s situation in order to identify and apply evidenced based nursing intervention.

Hamlet: Context of the Original Version Essay

Shakespeare uses words in his plays that are often confusing to modern readers. His wordplays, however, are what make his works worth reading. That is why there are available resources that attempt to explain at least some of the context of Shakespeare’s words in his plays. One of these resources is a website that offers a translation of the original work into the modern language. The service is called No Fear Shakespeare. The translations, however, does not provide the experience that is brought to the audience that using Shakespeare’s words does. One of the plays that No Fear Shakespeare translates into the modern version is Hamlet. We shall examine and compare how the original version differs in context and complexity from the modern version using Act III scene 4. This is where Hamlet met Gertrude in her room and had killed Polonius. First, we examine that Shakespeare’s words, while may be used in its literal sense, is also used to refer to something else. In fact, the English language is full of connotations and metaphorical usage that it is often easy to undermine the context of Shakespeare’s words by modern readers. Hamlet and Gertrude’s exchange of words in the beginning of the scene, for example, use words that, when translated into modern version, lose their symbolic meaning. The word â€Å"offended† was translated into the word â€Å"insulted† which is not as effective or powerful in use as the original term. â€Å"Idle tongue† was translated simply into â€Å"foolish† and â€Å"wicked tongue† simply into â€Å"evil. † â€Å"Tongue† in the original context is used to refer to the characters’ manner of speaking. Thus, an â€Å"idle tongue† means that Hamlet was speaking without meaning, purpose or basis and â€Å"wicked tongue† while may mean to be literally evil, may also refer to something with mischief. One must remember that Hamlet is very critical about those around him, treating the other characters with suspicion. He knew that there are those who contrive against him and his mother does not escape his doubts. Thus, Hamlet’s use of â€Å"wicked† is more closely applicable to â€Å"mischief† than to â€Å"evil. † Fact is the term â€Å"question† may actually mean â€Å"doubt† in the original context. It is important to note that while the translations closely resemble the meaning of the original, it loses the power of the original. Hamlet also referred to Polonius, although he was unaware that it was Polonius who was behind the tapestry, as a â€Å"rat. † One might be easily led in the modern translation that Hamlet simply means to regard the person literally as a rat which justifies killing it. Those aware of the English language know that the term rat could refer to someone who is despicable, or an informer of sort, a spy perhaps. This meaning is reinforced when Hamlet regarded Polonius as an â€Å"intruding fool† later on. Hamlet also regarded Polonius as â€Å"wretched† and was translated into simply â€Å"low-life,† which hardly compares to the power of the original term that means someone who is in a very unhappy or unfortunate state. The term is also used to express anger, hatred or annoyance. Gertrude’s expression confronting Hamlet stating that he dared to â€Å"wag thy tongue in a noise so rude† was simply translated to â€Å"talk to me so rudely.† One could immediately see the richness of the original passage as compared to the translation. While the meaning of the phrase was preserved, the power and drama of the original was not. The use of figurative speech was also disregarded in the modern translation. For example, when Hamlet cried â€Å"Rebellious hell,† the apostrophe was omitted from the modern translation. The lines were translated not as if Hamlet was calling out to hell, hence, does not retain the richness and complexity of the original. It must be noted that the use of figurative speech makes a literary work an art, and the failure of the translated version to maintain its use in the original passage is a failure to meet the excellence exemplified by the original. The problem that exists in the modern translation of Shakespeare’s plays lies in the context of the meaning of the words, the mystery of its use, and the application of figurative speech. Shakespeare’s words are often richer in context and complex in meaning that it is also the reason of the difficulty to understand some concepts and messages in the play. The meaning, context and complexity of the words as used in the original version disappear when translated into the modern version. Modern versions of the text are usually taken in its literal sense, thus, the author’s real purpose in using the words disappear. Furthermore, the art of using words by applying figurative speech was not preserved in the modern version. Modern translations of the text, while easier to understand, fail to meet the complexities of Shakespeare’s words and come short in the richness of its context.

Plane Crash Essays - Boeing 747, Boeing 747-8, Fatigue, Stall

Plane Crash Essays - Boeing 747, Boeing 747-8, Fatigue, Stall Plane Crash Instructor: Greg Alston Abstract This paper examines the in-flight separation of the number two pylon and engine from a Boeing 747-121 shortly after takeoff from the Anchorage International Airport on March 31, 1993. The safety issues discussed focus on the inspection of Boeing 747 engine pylons, meteorological hazards to aircraft, the lateral load-carrying capability of engine pylon structures, and aircraft departure routes at Anchorage International Airport during turbulent weather conditions. Shortly after noon on March 31, 1993 the number two engine and pylon separated from Japan Airlines Inc. flight 46E shortly after departure from the Anchorage International Airport. The aircraft, a Boeing 747-121, had been leased from Evergreen International Airlines Inc. The flight was a scheduled cargo flight from Anchorage to Chicago-O'Hare International Airport. On board the airplane was the flight crew and two nonrevenue company employees. The airplane was substantialy damaged during the separation of the engine but no one on board the airplane or on the ground was injured. Flight 46E departed Anchorage about 1224 local time. The flight release and weather package provided to the pilots by Evergreen operations contained a forecast for severe turbulence. As fight 46E taxied onto the runway to await its takeoff clearance, the local controller informed the flight crew that the pilot of another Evergreen aircraft reported severe turbulence at 2,500 feet while climbing out from runway 6R. After takeoff, at an altitude of about 2,000 feet, the airplane experienced an uncommanded left bank of approximately fifty degrees. Although the desired air speed was 183 knots, the air speed fluctuated from a high of 245 knots to a low of 170 knots. Shortly thereafter the flight crew reported the number two throttle slammed to its aft stop, the number two thrust reverse indication showed thrust reverser deployment, and the number two engine electrical bus failed. Several witnesses on the ground reported that the airplane experienced several severe pitch and roll oscillations before the engine separated. Shortly after the engine separated from the airplane, the flight crew declared an emergency, and the captain initiated a large radius turn to the left to return and land on runway 6R. The number one engine was maintained at maximum power. While on the downwind portion of the landing pattern bank angles momentarily exceeded forty degrees alternating with wings level. About twenty minutes after takeoff flight 46E advised the tower they were on the runway. The aircraft was substantially damaged as a result of the separation of the number two engine. Estimated repair costs exceeded twelve million dollars. In addition, several private dwellings, automobiles, and landscaping were damaged by the impact of the number two engine and various parts of the engine pylon and the wing leading edge devices. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined the probable cause of this accident was the lateral separation of the number two engine pylon due to an encounter with severe or possibly extreme turbulence. This resulted in dynamic lateral loadings coming from many directions that exceeded the lateral load-carrying capability of the pylon. It was later discovered that the load-carrying capability of the pylon was already reduced by the presence of the fatigue crack near the forward end of the pylon's forward firewall web. As a result of this investigation the NTSB made seven recommendations to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), including the inspection of Boeing 747 engine pylons, the potential meteorological hazards to aircraft, an increase in the lateral load capability of engine pylon structures, and the modification of the aircraft departure routes at Anchorage International Airport during periods of moderate or severe turbulence. The NTSB also recommended that the National Weather Service (NWS) use the WSR-88D Doppler weather radar system to document mountain-generated wind fields in the Anchorage area and to develop detailed low altitude turbulence forecasts. In the course of the investigation the NTSB explored virtually every contributing factor contributing to the aircraft accident. These included weather, mechanical failure, design deficiencies, and human factors. The flight crew was properly trained and qualified for this fight. None of the crew members' Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) records contained any history of accidents, incidents, or violations. The flight crew and the mechanics who had worked on the airplane before the flight volunteered to be tested for the presence of alcohol and both lawful and illegal drugs. All of the test results were negative. The investigation revealed that the flight crew was in good health. The airplane, registration N473EV, was a Boeing model

10 Jobs That Don’t Require a Drug Test

10 Jobs That Don’t Require a Drug Test If you’re a stoner- or a medical user- or just someone who enjoys the occasional recreational puff, it’s good to know which jobs you can apply for without having to worry about a drug test. Rather than sweat the test in the hiring process, why not focus on a job that won’t bother? The good news is, there are plenty of jobs that don’t drug test typically. Here are a few favorites.1. ChefAs long as you can expertly and efficiently prepare excellent meals, no one cares what you do on your days off. It’s an expense most restaurants won’t prioritize. If you can’t cook, you could also try for a job as a restaurant manager and oversee things instead.2. BookkeeperBookkeepers and accountants might have to go through drug testing if they want to work for a company. But if you build your own bookkeeping or accounting business, you’re your own boss and on your own.3. IT/ProgrammerAgain, if you’re a self-employed consultant rather tha n a member of a corporate staff, you can avoid drug testing and still tinker with computers for cash.4. Event PlannerIf you’re super organized and great at throwing parties or planning weddings, then this self-contracting gig could be great for you.5. Graphic DesignerCreative professionals tend to get evaluated more on their talent rather than their squeaky clean drug-free record. If you have the skills, chances are you’ll never be asked to pee in a cup.6. Animator/Visual Effects/Video Game Designer2D and 3D designers, like video game designers, often work for studios that encourage a climate of openness and collaboration- and aren’t terribly keen on drug testing.7. Fashion/Interior designerWhether you design clothes or help people decorate their homes, you will probably work for yourself. Therefore, you set the rules. And you don’t bother with drug tests. You could even consider doing floral design and making beautiful flower arrangements from the comfor t of your own nursery.8. CosmetologistMake people pretty, employ yourself, and do whatever you like on your weekends. Be careful to avoid salons that are more corporate and would be more likely to test. You could also consider working as a makeup artist and hire yourself out for events and weddings.9. Dog TrainerBe the dog whisperer of your town. You’ll tend to be self-employed, so drug tests are not likely to be a problem.10. Personal TrainerHere again, you can be your own boss. And most gyms and fitness clubs don’t bother with drug tests, anyway. It’s a great career to make sure you keep yourself fit and help others to do so as well.

Death penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Death penalty - Essay Example According to the research findings it can therefore be said that in a world characterized by all forms of crimes, law and justice are very important aspects in the society. There are different levels of crimes. Some are civil while others are capital. Governments and religious organization dictate the course of justice to the offended and the punishment to the convicted in the society. There are various forms of justice and punishment applied by governments and religious groups. Different crimes require different punishments. Among such punishments is the death penalty. However, in also most all cases the power to prescribe a punishment rests with the courts of law that are arms of the government. Death penalty also known as capital punishment is a governments pre-meditated, and planned lawful infliction of death as a punishment to a legally convicted person. Generally, there is a decreasing tread of death penalty punishments in the recent times. American citizens, political leaders, and religious leaders have been victims of this punishment. Indeed, the numbers are significant. According to Amnesty International, most countries did not use the punishment in 2009. About two-thirds of the countries abolished the death penalty in law or in practice, while 58 countries retained the death penalty in 2009. Consequently, eighteen countries actually carried out executions, killing more than 700 people. However, these figures did not include unreported executions carried out in China. From 1976 to April 2008, execution took place on about 1,099 people in the U.S while those on the death row were 3263. According to Amnesty international, in the year 2008 there were 1718 executions in China were, 346 in Iran, 102 in Saudi Arabia, 37 in United States, 36 in Pakistan, 34 in Iraq, 19 in Vietnam, 17 in Afghanistan, 15 in North Korea and 66 in Japan and other countries. Similarly, by April 1, 2008, 37 states in the U.S were practicing death penalty. To date, the USA, Japan, s ome African states, China, many Asian and Middle Eastern countries retain the death penalty crimes (Amnesty international web). The only conclusion we can make from these statistics is that death penalty is still exists in many countries. Certainly, it is because of its effectiveness in controlling capital offences and rendering justice. The crimes that may lead to a death penalty vary from one country to another and from one religion to another. Same case applies to the methods of carrying out the execution. Some of the crimes that can warrant a death penalty are murder, treason, rape, terrorism, and even adultery in the Muslim religion. Islam law specifically outlines intentional murder, treason, adultery as crimes befitting a death penalty. Generally, in all cases, intentional murder warrants a death penalty. Hanging, stoning, firing squad and beheading are some of the execution methods that Islam recommends. Again, executions take place in public to serve as warnings to would-be criminals. Under the Islam law, enough evidence must be produced against a convict in a due court process for this penalty to be given. Since the early times, there have been debates and opinions in support and against the death penalty. In the United States, there is an equal division in relation to death penalty. Amnesty international condemns the death penalty in all cases regardless of the characteristics of the offender, nature of crime, or the method of execution. According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the penalty is a denial of the right to life. It also quotes that death penalty is a violent practice, and does not accord justice to either the accused or the offended. However, murder is also a violent act, and he who commits it is violent. Thus, it is only fair that he should expect an equally violent punishment like a death penalty. Others argue that it is more expensive to kill a person than to put him in a jail.

European Court of Justices judgment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

European Court of Justices judgment - Essay Example The complainants presented the issue before the Belgian Constitutional Court in an effort to inspire the annulment of the Belgian law that transposed the directive. It is from this perspective that the Belgian Constitutional Court asked the Court of Justice for appropriate assessment on the validity of the derogation with respect to higher-ranking legal rules, and with reference to the principle of equality of genders enshrined in European Union law (Europe Log, 2011). The directive provided that the Member States had the authority to permit exemptions from the rule of unisex premiums and benefits for as long as they could prove that underlying actuarial and statistical data were reliable, available to the public and regularly updated. Under Belgian insurance law, the insurance contract must have an element of uncertainty. An insurance contract under Article 1A of the Insurance Contract Law, 1992 states:A contract according to which, in return for the payment of a fixed or variable p remium, a party, the insurer, commits itself towards another party, the policyholder, to provide the benefit stipulated in the contract in case an uncertain even emerges, that depending on the circumstances, either the insured or the beneficiary does not wish to emerge.Insurance disputes are brought before any court although the domicile of the policyholder has jurisdiction. Regulation of the Belgian insurance sector is also under Europe's highest court, the ECJ, which issues directives to member countries.

Information Technology Sub-sector Analysis Essay

Information Technology Sub-sector Analysis - Essay Example Porters four analysis gives two dimensions that define the strategies. One is the competitive advantage source, and two is the scope of the advantage. The first one comprises of product differentiation or low-cost approach. The second one consists of narrow or broad approach. When crossed the dimensions gives the porters four business strategies. To win competitive advantage, the IT organization should apply cost focus in a small group of the target section. A Cost Focus strategy usually emerges as a competitive move, at times to challenge a certain competitor. A smaller IT firm can as well gain entry to a market by competing on cost within a particular niche. Competition in the mobile application industry has lead to the rise in a totally new product called smartphones that have greater functionality as compared to normal mobile phones due to their capability of running mobile apps. The cost of these smartphones is not over exaggerated to discourage the customers from buying them. The IT organizations maintain lesser cost across different product offerings. An analysis of competitors cost should be carried out prior to setting products costs. For instance, by 2010, the mobile apps industry was highly flooded as new competitors got into the market saturating it with several varieties of utilitarian and lifestyle apps (Tarnacha & Maitland, 2006). In most instances, apps are designed by third-party developers like companies that wish to advertize their products, or by freelance designers who trade their apps at a profit. The major operating systems, Android and Apple, each have an equivalent dedicated marketplace due to its subsidized costs. Limiting Apple policies with regards to app development in the preliminary stage have had a verifiable effect on the iOS apps market. A larger percentage of all mobile app developers have a preference for developing apps for the Android operating system whereas a smaller percentage prefer to do so for Apple’s iOS

United Nations in the Israel-Palestine Conflict

United Nations in the Israel-Palestine Conflict What was the role that the United Nations (UN) played in the conflict between Palestine and Israel since the 1940s, up until the beginning of the 21st century? This is a topic that particularly interests me as an IB student because of its origins and its current development. On a personal level, I am interested in the topic because of my childhood and adolescence in the United Arab Emirates, where I came across a number of interpretations regarding the subject. I feel that it is an important topic as, growing up, I made subconscious links between world issues and this symbolic conflict. These links are strengthened by world politics today. I will make use of a number of primary and secondary sources to research the question, including a variety of internet sources and books to back support my claims. One particular book caught my attention during my studies of the topic. It is Noam Chomskys What We Say Goes. It is a collection of interviews with different journalists at different times, in which they ask him about his thoughts on the current political and military situation in the USA and other countries around the world. He gives educated insight on dilemmas that the world faces today, with particular reference to the Palestine-Israel conflict. The conclusion I reached when writing this essay is that this conflict cannot possibly be resolved by simple observers of the situation. I feel that quick UN intervention could have been helpful to the people but due to outside factors, this was not possible. The wounds endured by both Palestine and Israel would take years to heal if, hypothetically speaking, the conflict were to be resolved now. Unfortunately, these wounds are constantly reopened and lead to more pain. Introduction This topic is particularly important in modern day society, as I feel that it is a potential disaster zone. The history behind the Israel-Palestinian conflict is truly fascinating as it relates a message of passion and honor to peoples faiths and beliefs. The fact that this conflict has turned Jerusalem, the place that historically has the most religious significance, into one of the most dangerous cities in the world is one that I deplore. How can something so precious in humanitys entire heritage be used as a message of violence and seemingly irresolvable conflict? I have decided to study the UNs take on the situation and how the organization has attempted to deal with the problems at hand. I find that the decisions made by the UN are generally viable alternatives to the conflicts that cause it to intervene in different countries. My question; What was the role that the United Nations played in the conflict between Palestine and Israel since the 1940s, up until the beginning of the 21st century? is focused at finding out why, with all the UNs decision making, a peace agreement between Israel and Palestine has not yet been reached. Having grown up in a young Arab state, the United Arab Emirates, I feel I can see the point of view of the Israelis, while on the other hand, having listened to the Arab point cause, I understand the anger that the Palestinians and other Arab states must feel towards the Jewish state. The conflict is not only over land, but over faith as well, which is extremely dangerous, for there is nothing worse than a holy war in my opinion. Origin of UN Intervention After the Second World War, the creation of the state of Israel was followed my numerous cases of aggression towards this state as a protest against its existence in the area. Palestinian refugees wanted to return to their homeland after the 1947-48 war between Arab and Jewish communities in the area, six months before the separation of the British mandate of Palestine. The UN passed Resolution 194  [1]  , which gave Palestinian refugees the right to return, in addition to them receiving compensations for their losses. The UN Partition Plan was drawn up under Resolution 181  [2]  in November 1947, giving recommending the separation of the region into an Arab state of Palestine, a Jewish state of Israel and the city of Jerusalem. The establishment of the state of Israel was declared on the 14th of May 1948, which was followed by an all out attack by surrounding Arab countries in support of their Palestinian counterparts. This was the start of a long and painful struggle for bo th Israel and Palestine, a conflict which has yet to be resolved, with its violence and extremism only increasing in later years. UN involvement Pre-Six Day War It seems that, after the partition plan and the creation of Israel, the UN was not heavily involved in the conflict, nor was it particularly concerned with it in terms of political and humanitarian aid to the region. The concern was that war would occur between Egypt and Israel, as Egypt opposed Israels foreign policies. The UN placed peacekeepers on the border between both countries and the UN Refugee Works Agency (UNRWA) took care of refugees until they could return home. These were the same refugees that had been mentioned in Resolution 194. This can be explained by the dominant European and American powers interests in the region after the Second World War. These powers were leading the Security Council and had the power to prevent extra UN involvement in solving the conflict. These powers supported the Israeli state and would not openly admit to supporting their cause because of the huge number of refugees fleeing Palestine. Noam Chomsky says in his book What We Say Goes that th e USA saw, and still sees, a potential US powerbase in Israel.  [3]  From here, we can argue that the Security Councils leading powers did not allow for the UN to take a more significant action. As tensions increased between Israel and the surrounding Arab countries, the US supplied the Jewish state with advanced military equipment in 1966,  [4]  for it felt that in order to keep its ally in the Middle East, it should at least be able to defend itself against possible and likely invasion from neighboring countries. James Feron referred to Israel as a first line to stave off Americas direct involvement.  [5]  He implied that the USA realized that the situation would be hard to handle and that the local Middle Eastern countries would not take kindly to another foreign power intervening in their affairs after the mandates had been given self-determination. The tensions between Israel and its Arab neighbors culminated to the point where Nasser demanded the removal of UN troops from Egypt and closed the Straits of Tiran to Israel, leading to the latter bombing the Egyptian air force in Cairo, sparking the Six Day War in 1967. By the end of this war, Israel had taken over the rest of the Palestinian land, including the West Bank, Gaza and East Jerusalem, including the Golan Heights in Syria and Sinai in Egypt.  [6]  Over a million more Palestinians found themselves under Israeli authority while US-Israeli relations eased greatly. UN Involvement Post-Six Day War The UN reacted to this by passing Resolution 242 which condemned the actions taken by Israel. It called for the withdrawal of Israeli forces in the occupied territories, yet made little reference to the Palestinian refugees. Years later, this would cause more tensions between the two states, as allowing that Palestinian refugees back in to their former lands would mean relocating thousands of Israelis who had made their homes there. In the case of Egyptian Sinai, eleven years after the invasion, it was given back to Egypt and thousands of Israelis had to move to make way for the Egyptians to return to their lands. The emergence of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) encouraged the UN to repeatedly vote for a peace conference between the conflicting countries under its supervision. The PLO was included for it was a viable organization and had some potential in aiding the resolution of the Israel-Palestine conflict. The constant US VETO meant that this conference did not take place. In the midst of the Cold War, the UN was, technically speaking, controlled by the USA and USSR, always at odds as to what to do next.  [7]   In 1970, Nassers successor, al-Sadat, began reconciliation with the USA, for he strongly believed that it was the only power which was able to convince Israel to return Sinai to Egypt. As a sign of good faith to the American power, he demanded the withdrawal of all Soviet troops from Egypt. This was not enough to get the USAs support however, as American diplomats did not take kindly to the Egyptians, who began to believe that war was the only solution. The US was starting to feel that it would lose its Arab supporters in the region, which was troubling as it had a steady relation with OPEC. Saudi Arabia in May 1973 signaled that this could not continue as long as USA so obviously backed Israel as local Arab powers would not be willing to support their enemys friend. This was agreed with American oil companies, who recognized the huge financial benefits of having a good relation with a country rich in oil. The economic superiority that the USA would gain over Europe would be huge and would allow for massive American interests development in Arab countries. All of a sudden, Israel found itself being pressured by its long time ally to leave the occupied territories. Soon after that, on 6th October 1973, Egypt and Syria worked in a coalition against Israel to take back their lost territories. OPEC soon decided to cut oil production by 25% and put a prohibition on US oil shipments. UN actions after 1973 The UN Security Council called for peace talks between USA and the USSR as tensions were rising over USSRs determination of protecting Egypt against Israeli aggression. The oil embargo set on the USA by OPEC was a big stressor for the US, so it worked with the USSR to call for a ceasefire between Israel and the other warring countries. All were invited to the conferences. The USSR had not stopped its communication with Egypt, even after the expulsion of its troops, for it felt that it was a country that could counter the USs advances in the region through Israel. Naturally, the peace talks achieved little due to differed interests between each country and the US sponsored peace agreements between Israel and the Arab nations without the aid of the UN. Once again, these talks did not include Palestine, which resulted in huge international support for the PLO, led by Yasser Arafat. He appealed to the UN General Assembly and called for a recognition of the right of Palestinian right to self-determination. This, in addition to giving the PLO an observers status within the UN, was granted in a vote with an overwhelming for the Palestinian cause. Only USA and Israel, as well as two other countries voted against the recognition. It was a good move on Arafats part to go to the General Assembly, as, had he gone to the Security Council, the USA would have surely vetoed his initiative. The peace talks sponsored by the USA between Israel and Egypt ended very well, with Sinai being returned to Egypt and the later signing a non-aggression pact in 1975. The installments, however, were slowed until 1977, when al-Sadat travelled to Jerusalem to finalize the evacuation of Israeli residents from Sinai. The UN was not needed in the agreements, which the US took advantage of by moving quickly to take control of the diplomatic situation. It hoped that other countries would follow suit and move to make peace negotiations with Israel after Egypt and Israel had signed the Camp David Accords, but this did not happen, for the Arab nations would only negotiate peace terms under UN auspices. In June 1980, the European common market supported Israeli security but this time included the Palestinian cause in their discussions. They stressed that Palestine had the right to self-determination and called for the PLOs involvement in a peace talk. This was issued in the Venice Declaration, to which the USA retaliated by stressing on its opposition of the PLO, causing Europe to pull out of Middle Eastern diplomatic maneuvers. The UN reacted quickly to Israels invasion of Lebanon in 1978, passing Resolution 425 which called for an immediate withdrawal of Israeli forces from the country. This was done, however Israel ignored that Resolution in 1982, when it invaded again, under anti-PLO pretences. It withdrew eighteen years later. UN and the Oslo Process UN exclusion continued throughout the 80s and 90s in Israel-Palestine peace talks. In participated in a few minor international conflicts but could do nothing against the Israeli occupation of the Gaza strip and West Bank. The Oslo Declaration of Principles was signed in 1994, after which the General Assembly discovered that the Resolutions made by the UN regarding the Israel-Palestine conflict were to be made obsolete by the US as negotiations were taking place. Israel bombed a UN refugee camp in Lebanon, wounding and killing many. The report issued to the General Assembly caused a lot of anger towards Israel from other countries, as it showed Israels non-commitment to the United Nations. Western European powers were invited to spend billions on its infrastucture. They were still kept out of any political or military decisions regarding the opposed peoples. UN and Camp David Summit By 2000, no progress had been made regarding the most important problems facing Israel and Palestine during the Oslo interim period. Problems such as the Palestinian border and state, what to do about Jerusalem, Israeli settlers and Palestinian refugees had yet to be resolved and smaller issues had yet to be resolved, despite the promise of a quick solution. Gaza still had problems with its air and seaports as well as security arrangements. American president Clinton, taking the initiative for a resolution to the problem, invited both parties once again to Camp David to discuss the issues at hand and possible answers to the existing problems. Discussion failed and the situation worsened when Ariel Sharon declared Temple Mount to be under complete Israeli control. Temple Mount is the third holiest site for Muslims and first holiest for the Jews. This infuriated Palestinians, who protested and were shot down by Israeli forces during a march the following day. This was a signal to the UN and other countries in the region that the USAs control of Israel had grown weaker over the past years. If Israel dared to shoot down protesters, it was a sign that it was confident enough without the USAs backing, even with their disapproval, to decide on its own actions without first consulting its closest ally. Outside powers suddenly came into play, once again opening diplomatic relations with Israel. The second Intifada  [8]  escalated and the Arab League converged in Cairo in October 2000. This was a huge change, as the League wanted to prove that the Palestinian cause was more important than the Gulf War. This was a cry against US dominance in the area, as Saddam Hussein, Iraqi president at the time, was invited to the summit. Anti-USA/Israel protests broke out in Middle Eastern capitals, although their governments still relied on American aid for financial or military reasons. Egypt and Jordan, being the only two Arab countries bound to Israel by non-aggression or peace treaties, were the only stable countries in the region. Jordan signed a new trade agreement with the US in mid-crisis. The summits statement was not revolutionary as it did not bring any particularly new solutions to the crisis, albeit the language used. It announced full support for the Palestinians and wanted to ask the UN Security Council to put Israel in front of a war crimes tribunal for the killings it had initiated. Efforts of peace-making with Israel were stopped by Arab nations, although leaving Egypt and Jordan out of this call, as they were the countries with the most ties to Israel. The most impressive achievement of the summit was the accumulation of $2 billion to donate to the Palestinians to support families of Intifada casualties and to protect the Arab and Muslim quarters of Jerusalem. Outside Intervention Outside protests in favor of a change in the Israeli-Palestinian situation began to appear. Where the USA had previously dominated diplomatic maneuvers in the area, the world was seeing a sudden influx of previously unseen intervention, such as a large number of foreign power leaders in the region; the most noticeable of these being the renewed foreign interests in the region. Jacques Chirac (French president and chief of the European Union), Russian foreign minister Igor Ivanov, Janvier Solena (EU envoy) were all hurrying to get to the scene as fast as possible. Even the UN Secretary General himself, Kofi Annan, was involved in negotiations leading to the Sharm al-Sheikh summit. The USA was still the leading power in the negotiations, with President Clinton often checking up on the situation as regularly as possible. Kofi Annan, as well as other outside parties were looked down upon by the USA as they were seen as nuisances in the American attempt to regain control over Israel as it once had. That is not to say that the control was absolute, however it did assure many US interests in the Middle East, with Palestine being the least of their worries. The newcomers had to gain Israels acceptance in order to be considered for peace talks or other conferences regarding the problem in Palestine and with other countries in the region. Annan certainly was partly responsible for the withdrawal of Israeli troops from Lebanon, which meant that this new openness towards other nations was genuine on Israels part. He also convinced UN members to accept Israel as a member of the Western European and Others Group (WEOG) in the General Assembly. Membership of this group, or one similar, is required to gain consideration from the Security Council as well as in the obtaining of other UN perks. Israel appreciated Annans efforts in his aid of giving it such help as a mediator. Growing UN Involvement within the Conflict USAs diminished control over Israels actions and over the Middle East is a crucial factor for the growing intervention of outside powers, as a result of a lessening amount of options as to what to do about the crisis. Protests in Arab countries led to worsening relations with the US as they showed clear signs of defiance; the most obvious of those being the landing of planes in and out of Baghdad, despite the sanctions imposed on Iraq by the USA. Palestine refused to stop the second Intifada and the propagation of pro-Palestinian media, namely Al-Jazeera, gave people another insight on the power struggle between Arabs and Jews in the Middle East. This limited the potential of the USA to intervene as effectively as it had in the past. Kofi Annan appeared with a solution after three Israeli soldiers were kidnapped on the Lebanese border. Annan led UN efforts to achieve peace in the region for the Arab countries, urging all governments to follow the plans drawn up by the UN. He hoped for lasting peace and understanding, urging the Palestinians to accept the Israeli ceasefire terms, which include the demand for an international commission of inquiry, allowing for the UN to gather information on the general affairs of Palestine. The UN recently recognized Palestine as an official state, making it much easier for Palestinian economy to develop. Diminutive UN Involvement in the Conflict In order to maintain control over the diplomatic situation in Israel, it was essential for the US to disregard established international understandings. The UN attempted to solve the crisis numerous times by calling for international peace conferences, based on existing UN Resolutions dealing with Israel and Palestine, such as Resolutions 194 and 242 amongst others. Israel refused to take part and the US backed its decision. The US referred to Resolution 242 when speaking of a peace process and a viable option to a unanimous agreement in the region, all the while keeping Israel-Palestine interaction and diplomacy under its control. It assured that it was a medium for communication between the two peoples, while at the same time backing Israels major moves on Arab countries. Requirements in international law such as the agreements made at the Geneva Conventions, which required Israel to protect civilians of the occupied territory and illegalize the settling of Israeli nationals into occupied land, as well as pre-existing UN Resolutions were largely ignored to accommodate for the American sponsored equal opportunity peace talks between Israelis and Palestinians to come to an agreement as to how to resolve the conflict. Naturally, neither power would come to an agreement by themselves, even with the USA as a mediator  [9]  in the talks, for their aims were too different. The main disagreements were over what do with about the refugees and how to deal with Jerusalem, both cultures regarding the city as a place of piousness and sanctity. Neither side would agree to stop the bombings as long as an agreement in favor of themselves was not reached. The US-Israeli coalition stated in 1991 at the Madrid talks that it would not allow the UN to take part in the crisis. The UN was ignored again at the Oslo Process. The USA also informed the General Assembly that Madeleine Albright, who had warned the UN that the US planned on ignoring the Resolutions passed concerning Israel-Palestine, that the dismantlement of a consensus regarding Palestine was her primary objective. At the same time, final status issues were simply disregarded for at least seven years. Signatories of the Geneva Conventions came together in 1999 to examine Israels dedication and following of the Conventions. It was an inconclusive meeting, for it lasted ten minutes to avoid angering the new Israeli government at the time. The list goes on. The necessity of returning the crisis to UN supervision was growing essential, as there were rising numbers of casualties caused by the conflict, a strict ongoing siege and serious military occupation of Palestine. The UN Resolutions remained largely ignored and people called for a new, UN-led peace process. The US interests in the region, by this point were mainly focused on oil and coming to terms with governments in the Arabian Gulf, turning its attention away from the Israel-Palestine crisis for a time. Conclusion UN involvement has not been consistent since the intensification of the crisis in 1948. It has been faced with numerous difficult situations, to which it could do little or nothing. The reason for this would be the already heavy involvement of the United States, due to its interests in Israel and securing a powerful ally in a region rich in oil and other resources. However limited the United Nations physical intervention was, the resolutions passed regarding the crisis seemed reasonable and would certainly have helped to deal with the situation, had they been adhered to by the countries concerned. The recent recognition of the State of Palestine by the UN is a huge step forward in the struggle for peace in the region. It gives the Palestinian cause more weight when appealing to the United Nations and will surely give it more international support. The problem for the UN when getting involved in this conflict is that it is such a long lasting struggle, with horrors caused by one side towards the other still fresh in peoples minds, as is the case for many long standing conflicts. The UN has made several accusations regarding Israel, claiming a grave and massive violations of human rights of the Palestinian people by Israel. Victimizing the Palestinians will not help them in their fight against occupation. Hamas, which has long been calling for a two-state settlement in accord with the international consensus  [10]  yet it has never been understood, it seems, by Israel or the USA. If I had a say in the situation, I would draw up a new partition plan giving Israel access to the northern part of the region, given to Palestine in the original partition plan, giving it access to the sea. The countries should then be split more or less diagonally while still leaving a corridor for the Palestinians to access Jerusalem. Unlike the original plan, I believe that a country is stronger if it is not split into different regions as presented by the UN. Jerusalem should have been made a dual-state capital, forcing Muslims and Jews to work together for the benefit of the city, while keeping its religious importance intact. Had the plan been drawn better, I believe that the conflict could have been easily solved. Pe rsuading other Arab states to recognize Israel would have only been a matter of time, for they would have followed the Palestinian example and accepted its right to exist.